Assignment Code: BPAC-107/TMA/2022-23

Course Code: BPAC-107

Assignment Name: Comparative Public Administration

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment A

Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.

Q1) Describe the meaning, nature, and scope of comparative public administration. 20 marks

Ans) Comparative public administration is a subfield of public administration that looks at how different countries and cultures organise, manage, and govern themselves. It is a way to understand how the systems and practises of public administration in different countries and cultures are similar and different. The main goal of comparative public administration is to understand and explain how public administration is different in different countries and cultures so that we can learn more about how public administration works in general.

Comparative public administration means looking at how different countries and cultures organise, manage, and run their governments. It is the study of how different countries and cultures handle public administration and governance and how they are alike and different. It also looks at how different political systems, like democracies and dictatorships, affect public administration, as well as how cultural and historical factors affect how public administration has changed in different countries.

Comparative public administration is an interdisciplinary field that uses political science, sociology, anthropology, and history to study the cultural, historical, and institutional factors that shape public administration in different countries. Using the comparative method, you can learn about how different countries, cultures, and systems work and how they are different. It also uses information from different sources, like government reports, surveys, and case studies, to look at and compare the ways different countries do things and the policies they have.

Comparative public administration is a broad field that looks at a lot of different things. Some of the things it looks at are the organisation and structure of government, administrative reform, public policy, and the role of civil society in government. Comparative public administration researchers often look at how countries organise and run their public services, like health care, education, and social welfare, and how they are the same and different. They also look at how different political systems, like democracies and dictatorships, affect public administration, as well as how cultural and historical factors affect how public administration has changed in different countries.

Comparative public administration is also important in the international world because it gives ideas and suggestions for how to make government work better and more efficiently in different countries. It helps to spread good governance and democratic values around the world by finding best practises and successful models that can be used in other countries.

One of the most important things that comparative public administration does is find patterns and trends in the way governments run in different countries. This can help shape public policy and administrative reform in different countries by giving a more complete picture of what has worked and what hasn't in other places. Comparative public administration can, for example, help figure out what factors led to the success or failure of administrative reforms in different countries and how these factors can be dealt with in other places.

Comparative public administration is also important because it helps find the best ways to do things and successful models that can be used in other countries. Comparative public administration looks at the policies and practises of different countries and analyses them. This helps to find the best and most efficient ways to organise and run public services. This can help shape public policy and administrative reform in other countries by giving a more complete picture of what has worked and what hasn't in other places.

Q2) Elaborate the features, advantages, and limitations of the ecological approach to the study of comparative public administration. 20 marks

Ans) The ecological approach is a relatively new way to study comparative public administration. It focuses on how different levels of government and administration in a given society interact with each other. It is based on the idea that different levels of government, such as local, regional, national, and international, are connected and that changes at one level can have big effects on the others. The ecological approach is defined by how it looks at how different levels of government interact with each other and how the environment affects public administration.

One of the most important parts of the ecological approach is that it looks at how different levels of government work together. This approach takes into account the fact that different levels of government, such as local, regional, national, and international, are connected and that changes at one level can have big effects on the others.

One of the most important parts of the ecological approach is that it puts a lot of emphasis on how context affects public administration. This method acknowledges that the setting of public administration is important to understanding how it works. For example, a country's culture, history, and economic situation can affect how it organises and runs its public administration. The ecological approach also acknowledges that different countries and cultures have different values, norms, and institutions, and that it is important to understand these differences in order to understand how public administration works in different countries.

Comparative public administration can learn from the ecological approach in a number of ways. One of the biggest benefits is that it helps researchers figure out how the different levels of government work together and how changes at one level can have big effects on the others. This knowledge can help shape public policy and administrative reform in different countries by giving a more complete picture of what has worked and what hasn't in other places. The ecological approach also helps researchers understand how context affects public administration, which can help guide the development of public policy and administrative reform in different countries.

The ecological approach has another benefit it helps researchers understand how different countries and cultures handle public administration. This knowledge can help shape public policy and administrative reform in different countries by giving a more complete picture of what has worked and what hasn't in other places. Also, the ecological approach helps researchers understand how different political systems, like democracies and authoritarian regimes, affect public administration, as well as how cultural and historical factors affect how public administration has changed in different countries.

There are also some problems with the eco-friendly approach. One of the main problems is that it can be hard to measure and analyse how the different levels of government work together.

The ecological approach also has the problem that it is a fairly new method that hasn't been fully tested and proven yet. This means that researchers still don't know a lot about the ecological approach and how it could help us learn more about comparative public administration. Also, the ecological approach isn't the only way to study comparative public administration, and it might not be the best way for all questions or situations.

Assignment B

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

Q3) Write a note on bureaucratic approach. 10 marks

Ans) The bureaucratic approach is a traditional way to study public administration. It focuses on how government bureaucracies are set up and how they work. It is based on the idea that government bureaucracy is a smart and efficient way to organise and provide public services. The bureaucratic approach focuses on the organisation and management of government bureaucracy, as well as the role of rules and regulations in shaping public administration.

One of the most important parts of the bureaucratic approach is that it focuses on how government bureaucracy is set up and run. This method takes into account the fact that government bureaucracy is a complicated system with many different parts, such as administrative agencies, departments, and bureaus. It also says that government bureaucracy is an important part of public administration and that people need to know how it is set up and run to understand how public services are provided.

Another important part of the bureaucratic approach is that it puts a lot of weight on how rules and laws affect public administration.

This method takes into account that government bureaucracy is run by a set of rules and regulations, and that these rules and regulations have a big impact on how public services are provided. It also acknowledges that these rules and regulations need to be followed the same way every time for government bureaucracy to work well.

The bureaucratic approach is a good way to study public administration in a number of ways. One of the biggest benefits is that it helps researchers figure out how government bureaucracy is set up and how it works in a systematic and complete way.

But there are also some problems with the bureaucratic way of doing things. One of its biggest problems is that it tends to focus on the technical parts of public administration and ignore the political environment in which it works. It also tends to see bureaucracy as a rational and neutral institution, ignoring the fact that it is made up of people with their own preferences and goals.

Q4) Describe the political and administrative systems of United States of America. 10 marks

Ans) The United States of America has a federal system of government. The executive, legislative, and judicial branches all do different things. The President is in charge of the government's executive branch and is in charge of making sure laws are followed and that the government is run well. The Senate and the House of Representatives make up the legislative branch. This branch is in charge of making laws. The Supreme Court and other federal courts make up the judicial branch. Its job is to figure out how the laws and the constitution work.

The United States is both a federal republic and a presidential representative democratic republic. This means that the President of the United States is both the leader of the country and the leader of the government. The people choose the President for a four-year term. The President is in charge of the executive branch.

The United States has three main levels of government: the federal government, the state governments, and the local governments. The federal government is in charge of issues like defence, foreign policy, and immigration that affect the whole country. Education, health care, and transportation are all things that are handled by state governments. Local governments are in charge of things like police, fire protection, and picking up trash.

The US also has a system called federalism, which gives states some freedom while still being part of the larger federal system. This lets states have their own laws, rules, and ways of running the government, but they still have to follow the laws and rules of the federal government.

Overall, the United States' political and administrative systems are made to keep the balance of power between the different branches and levels of government and to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens through checks and balances, federalism, and separation of powers.

Q5) Explain the impact of New Public Administration on the study of comparative public administration. 10 marks

Ans) New Public Administration (NPA) is a view within the field of public administration that stresses the need for public administrators to be more responsive to the changing needs and values of society. This point of view came about in the 1970s as a reaction to the traditional bureaucratic approach, which focused mostly on the technical parts of public administration and ignored the political and social context in which public administration works.

Several things show how NPA has changed the study of comparative public administration.

First, NPA stresses how important it is to understand the political and social environment of public administration. This means knowing what role citizens, interest groups, and other groups with a stake in policy-making play. This point of view encourages scholars to look at public administration in a more complete and all-encompassing way. This is especially important in the study of comparative public administration because it helps people understand how public administration works in different political and social settings in different countries.

Second, NPA stresses how important it is for public administration to have fairness, participation, and representation. This point of view encourages scholars to study how different types of governance and public administration affect marginalised groups and how these groups can be empowered and included in the policy-making process. This is important for the study of comparative public administration because it lets scholars look at how different types of government and public administration affect marginalised groups in different countries.

Thirdly, NPA emphasises the importance of public values and ethics in public administration. This point of view encourages scholars to look into how different ways of governing and running the government line up with public values and ethical standards. This is important for the study of comparative public administration because it lets scholars look at how different types of government and public administration in different countries line up with public values and ethical principles.

Assignment C

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

Q6) Write a note on formalism. 6 marks

Ans) In prismatic societies, there is a big gap between laws and how they are carried out, between what leaders say they will do and how they do it, and between plans and how they are carried out. Even though government plans. Whether these benefits are meant to help all citizens or only certain groups, they are given in a biased way. People who pay bribes, are friends with powerful leaders or administrators, or are socially and financially powerful themselves get a big share of the benefits. The officials of the sala could also take advantage of this situation to make money in illegal ways. Riggs says that in prismatic societies, a lot of administrative reform committees and commissions are set up to improve the performance and behaviour of the sala. However, their recommendations are rarely accepted by the government, and even when they are, they are rarely carried out correctly. So, administrative reforms continue to have only a small effect.

Q7) List out the limitations of general systems approach. 6 marks

Ans) The limitations of general systems approach are:

1. The ideas of "environment," "system," "input," "throughput," "output," "dynamic equilibrium," etc. were vague and hard to use in research.

2. Without operational definitions and other parts of empirical methodology, the approach was too broad to be used for empirical studies.

3. It was hard to find all possible inputs, throughputs, and outputs, so analysis could only be done in a selective way. The idea of the "whole" system was definitely appealing, but it was hard to find ways to test it through empirical research.

4. To study the whole administrative system, you would need a good group of scholars, common tools for analysis, a lot of money, a lot of time, and a lot of resources. But when comparing different ways of running the government, these problems got worse.

Q8) Discuss the structural-functional approach. 6 marks

Ans) In the field of comparative public administration, the structural-functional approach is a point of view that focuses on the role of institutions and how they work to keep society stable and in order. This way of looking at society sees it as a complicated system with many different parts that all work together to keep the whole stable.

The structural-functional approach is based on the idea that institutions like government, education, and religion have specific jobs they do to keep society stable and orderly.   The structural-functional approach is important because it looks at how different parts of society interact and work together to keep things stable. This point of view focuses on how different institutions depend on each other and how they help each other. For instance, the government depends on the education system to give it educated citizens who can take part in the political process.

Q9) What do you mean by agraria and industria types of societies? 6 marks

Ans) Agraria and industria are two types of societies that are often used to compare political and economic systems. Agraria societies usually have a large agricultural sector that employs most of the people and brings in most of the money. In these societies, there is often a small group of wealthy landowners and a large number of poor people who live in the countryside. Agraria societies are usually rural, with a low population density and a social and economic structure that is not too complicated. Industria societies, on the other hand, have a big industrial sector that employs most of the people and makes most of the money. Most of the time, these societies have a more complicated social and economic structure, with a larger middle class and more people living in cities. The majority of the people live in cities and towns, and the economy is based on specialisation and splitting up the work.

Q10) Mention briefly about World Governance Indicators. 6 marks

Ans) The Forum for a New World Governance made an international governance system index in 2008. The goal of the index is to give a picture of the structure and performance of Systems of government in cross-national settings. The index gives a picture of how each country runs its government and acts as a push for changes in this area at the national and international levels. To come up with a set of quantitative and qualitative indicators. The World Governance Index (WGI) is a complicated process that needs to be changed and evaluated all the time. In this index, the key goals of governance are put together with the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. This is an interesting combination.