Assignment Code: MEDS-054 / TMA / July 2022 – January 2023

Course Code: MEDS-054

Assignment Name: CSR Projects and Programmes

Year: 2022 - 2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Answer all the questions. Each question carries 20 marks.

Q 1. How to formulate CSR programmes based on the identified needs of the community? Discuss with an example.

Ans) Formulating effective CSR programmes that meet the needs of the community requires careful planning, engagement, and assessment. Here are some steps to follow when formulating CSR programmes based on the identified needs of the community:

1.  Identify the needs of the community: The first step is to identify the needs of the community. This can be done by engaging with the community through surveys, focus groups, or other forms of consultation. It is important to ensure that the community is involved in the process and that their voices are heard.

2. Prioritize the needs: Once the needs have been identified, it is important to prioritize them based on their importance and the impact they can have on the community. This can be done by assessing the urgency of the need, the potential impact of addressing the need, and the available resources.

3. Define the goals and objectives: Once the needs have been prioritized, it is important to define the goals and objectives of the CSR programme. This includes defining what the programme aims to achieve, how it will achieve it, and what success looks like. The goals and objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

4. Develop a plan of action: With the goals and objectives in place, it is time to develop a plan of action. This includes defining the scope of the programme, identifying the resources required, and developing a timeline for implementation. The plan of action should be detailed and include specific actions that need to be taken, by whom, and when.

5. Implement the programme: Once the plan of action is in place, it is time to implement the programme. This involves mobilizing the necessary resources, engaging with the community, and executing the actions identified in the plan of action.

6. Monitor and evaluate the programme: It is important to monitor and evaluate the programme to ensure that it is achieving the desired outcomes and to identify areas for improvement. This includes collecting data on the impact of the programme, tracking progress against the goals and objectives, and engaging with stakeholders to gather feedback.

Example of how a company can formulate a CSR programme based on the identified needs of the community: Let us consider a company that operates in a rural community where access to clean water is a major challenge. The company engages with the community and identifies the need for a sustainable water supply. The company decides to formulate a CSR programme to address this need.

The company conducts a survey and engages with the community to identify the need for a sustainable water supply.

1. The company prioritizes the need for a sustainable water supply based on the urgency of the need and the potential impact it can have on the community.

2. The company defines the goal of the CSR programme as providing a sustainable water supply to the community. The objectives include identifying suitable water sources, constructing a water supply system, and training community members on water conservation and management.

3. The company develops a detailed plan of action that includes identifying water sources, designing and constructing a water supply system, and training community members on water conservation and management.

4. The company mobilizes the necessary resources, engages with the community, and implements the actions identified in the plan of action. This includes constructing a water supply system, training community members on water conservation and management, and providing ongoing support and maintenance.

5. The company monitors and evaluates the programme to ensure that it is achieving the desired outcomes. This includes collecting data on the impact of the programme, tracking progress against the goals and objectives, and engaging with stakeholders to gather feedback.

In conclusion, formulating effective CSR programmes that meet the needs of the community requires careful planning, engagement, and assessment. Companies can use the steps outlined above to formulate CSR programmes based on the identified needs of the community. Engaging with the community and involving them in the formulation process can help ensure that the programmes are effective, sustainable, and have a positive impact on the community. By providing a sustainable water supply to the community, as in the example given above, the company was able to address a key need of the community and contribute to the well-being of the local population. This demonstrates the importance of CSR in creating shared value for both the company and the community it operates in.

Q 2. Differentiate between appraisal, monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment. Explain different evaluation tools and techniques by programme stage.

Ans) Appraisal, monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment are all important processes that are used to measure the effectiveness of various programs and initiatives. However, they are different in terms of their focus and purpose. Here is a brief overview of the differences between these four processes Appraisal: Appraisal is the process of assessing the potential of a program or initiative before it is implemented. This involves analysing the feasibility of the program, identifying potential risks and benefits, and determining the expected outcomes. Appraisal is typically conducted at the beginning of a program to ensure that it is viable and worth pursuing.

1. Monitoring: Monitoring is the process of tracking the progress of a program or initiative over time. This involves collecting data on various indicators and tracking progress against specific goals and objectives. Monitoring is typically conducted throughout the program to ensure that it is on track and to identify any issues that need to be addressed.

2. Evaluation: Evaluation is the process of assessing the effectiveness of a program or initiative after it has been implemented. This involves analysing the program's impact, identifying the factors that contributed to its success or failure, and determining the lessons learned. Evaluation is typically conducted at the end of a program to inform future decision-making.

3. Impact Assessment: Impact assessment is the process of measuring the social, environmental, and economic impact of a program or initiative. This involves analysing the program's effect on various indicators and assessing its overall impact. Impact assessment is typically conducted after the program has been implemented to determine the extent to which it has achieved its intended outcomes and to identify any unintended consequences.

Evaluation Tools and Techniques by Programme Stage

Evaluation is an important process for assessing the effectiveness of a program or initiative. There are various evaluation tools and techniques that can be used at various stages of the program cycle to measure performance and assess the impact of the program. Here is a brief overview of some of the evaluation tools and techniques that can be used at various stages of the program cycle:

1. Planning stage

During the planning stage of a program, evaluation tools and techniques can be used to assess the needs and priorities of the target population, and to determine the program's goals and objectives. Some of the tools and techniques that can be used during this stage include:

a) Stakeholder analysis: This tool can be used to identify the various stakeholders who are involved in the program and to assess their needs and interests.

b) Needs assessment: This tool can be used to gather information about the needs and priorities of the target population, and to determine the specific areas that the program should focus on.

c) SWOT analysis: This tool can be used to assess the program's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and to identify areas where improvements are needed.

2. Implementation stage

During the implementation stage of a program, evaluation tools and techniques can be used to monitor progress and to ensure that the program is on track. Some of the tools and techniques that can be used during this stage include:

a) Activity monitoring: This tool can be used to track the progress of the program's activities and to ensure that they are being implemented according to plan.

b) Performance monitoring: This tool can be used to track the program's performance against specific indicators and targets, and to identify any areas where improvements are needed.

c)  Feedback mechanisms: These can be used to gather feedback from the target population, stakeholders, and program staff about the program's effectiveness.

3. Concluding stage

During the concluding stage of a program, evaluation tools and techniques can be used to assess the program's overall impact and to determine whether the program has achieved its intended outcomes. Some of the tools and techniques that can be used during this stage include:

a) Cost-benefit analysis: This tool can be used to assess the costs and benefits of the program, and to determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs.

b) Outcome mapping: This tool can be used to map the program's outcomes and to identify the specific changes that have occurred as a result of the program.

c) Randomized controlled trials: This is a rigorous evaluation method that involves randomly assigning participants to a treatment group or a control group and measuring the difference in outcomes between the two groups.

In summary, there are a wide range of evaluation tools and techniques that can be used at different stages of the program cycle. The choice of evaluation tools and techniques will depend on the specific objectives and requirements of the program, as well as the resources available for evaluation. The use of a combination of different tools and techniques can provide a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the program's effectiveness and impact.

Q 3. What is CSR audit? Describe the CSR audit procedure.

Ans) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) audit is an assessment of a company's policies, practices, and procedures to ensure that they are in line with the company's CSR goals and objectives. It involves a comprehensive review of a company's social, environmental, and economic practices to identify areas of improvement, highlight areas of excellence, and ensure that the company is meeting its CSR commitments.

It is an independent evaluation of:

1. Compliance to policy and principles,

2. Compliance to systems, procedures, and practices,

3. Performance of elements relating to CSR,

4. Compliance to regulatory requirements, and

5. Reliability of data management, records, and disclosure.

The advantages of such an exercise are not only assuring conformance/ compliance with statutory requirements but also reducing social risk and liability; and increasing efficiency and efficacy of CSR projects. A good system of audit is the backbone of every successful programme. The process of audit gives a better understanding of the monitoring practices, availability of records, and input for evaluation of programmes.

CSR Audit Procedure

The CSR audit procedure can be divided into the following steps:

1. Planning and Preparation:

The first step in the CSR audit procedure is to develop a plan for the audit. This involves identifying the scope of the audit, defining the objectives of the audit, and selecting the appropriate tools and techniques to be used. It is important to ensure that the audit plan is aligned with the company's CSR goals and objectives.

2. Data Collection:

The next step is to collect the data needed for the audit. This may include reviewing documents such as policies, reports, and other materials related to the company's CSR practices. It may also involve conducting interviews with key personnel, including senior management and employees involved in CSR-related activities. Data collection should be thorough and objective and should include both internal and external perspectives on the company's CSR practices.

3. Analysis and Evaluation:

Once the data has been collected, it is analysed and evaluated to identify areas where the company is meeting its CSR commitments, areas where improvements are needed, and areas where the company is excelling. This analysis should be based on objective criteria and should take into account the company's specific CSR goals and objectives. The analysis should also consider the views of stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the wider community.

4. Reporting:

The findings of the audit are then reported in a comprehensive report that details the results of the audit, including any areas of strength and weakness. The report should also include recommendations for improvements and suggestions for best practices based on the results of the audit. The report should be clear, concise, and easy to understand for both internal and external stakeholders.

5. Follow-up and Monitoring:

The last step in the CSR audit procedure is to follow up on the recommendations made in the report and to monitor the company's progress in implementing the recommended changes. This involves setting measurable targets, establishing a timeline for implementation, and monitoring the company's progress in meeting those targets. It may also involve conducting periodic reviews to ensure that the company's CSR practices continue to meet the required standards.

In summary, a CSR audit is a comprehensive review of a company's CSR practices and involves planning, data collection, analysis and evaluation, reporting, and follow-up and monitoring. The purpose of a CSR audit is to ensure that a company's CSR practices are in line with its goals and objectives, and to identify areas where improvements can be made. A CSR audit can help companies to enhance their CSR practices, increase their reputation, and demonstrate their commitment to sustainable and responsible business practices.

Q 4. Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Discuss any one method of qualitative data collection.

Ans) Quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection are two broad categories of research methodologies that are commonly used in social science research. These two methods are different in several ways, including their focus, approach, and the types of data they collect.

Quantitative methods of data collection typically involve the collection of numerical data that can be analysed statistically. These methods are designed to produce data that can be measured and quantified, allowing for precise and objective analysis. Some common quantitative methods include surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis of data.

Qualitative methods of data collection, on the other hand, are designed to collect non-numerical data, such as words, images, and stories. Qualitative methods are often used to explore complex social phenomena and to gain a deeper understanding of people's experiences and perspectives. Common qualitative methods include interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis.

One key difference between quantitative and qualitative methods is their focus. Quantitative methods tend to focus on collecting data that can be measured and quantified, while qualitative methods tend to focus on collecting data that is more subjective and difficult to quantify. Another difference is the approach used to collect data. Quantitative methods often involve large sample sizes and standardized measures, while qualitative methods tend to involve smaller sample sizes and more open-ended approaches.

Quantitative and qualitative methods also differ in their analysis techniques. Quantitative methods use statistical techniques to analyze data and test hypotheses, while qualitative methods use interpretive techniques to analyze data and identify patterns and themes. Additionally, the presentation of results is often different. Quantitative results are typically presented in tables and graphs, while qualitative results are presented in narratives and descriptive language.

In summary, quantitative methods of data collection focus on numerical data that can be analysed statistically, while qualitative methods focus on non-numerical data that is often more subjective and difficult to quantify. The two methods differ in their approach, sample sizes, analysis techniques, and presentation of results. Both methods have strengths and limitations and can be used in combination to provide a more comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena.

One Method of Qualitative Data Collection: Observation Method

Observation is a method of qualitative data collection in which the researcher observes and records the behaviours, activities, and interactions of people in their natural setting. This method is particularly useful for studying social phenomena that are difficult to capture through other methods, such as attitudes, social norms, and cultural practices.

The observation method can be conducted in a variety of settings, such as in public places, workplaces, schools, or homes. The researcher can use different levels of involvement in the observed situation, ranging from passive observation to active participation in the situation being observed.

There are two types of observation methods: participant observation and non-participant observation. In participant observation, the researcher becomes an active participant in the setting they are observing. This involves developing relationships with the people being observed and participating in the activities they engage in. In non-participant observation, the researcher remains an outside observer and does not interact with the people being observed.

During observation, the researcher typically takes detailed notes, recording the behaviours, actions, and interactions of the people being observed. These notes may be organized by specific themes or categories, such as social roles or cultural practices, and may include descriptions of non-verbal communication, physical gestures, or environmental factors that may influence behavior.

Observation can be particularly useful for studying social phenomena that are difficult to capture through other methods, such as the behaviours and interactions of children, or the social dynamics of groups or organizations. Additionally, observation can help to uncover patterns and trends in behavior and social practices that may not be immediately apparent through self-reported data.

However, there are also some limitations to observation. For example, the researcher may be biased in their observations or may miss important behaviours or interactions due to the complexity of the observed situation. Additionally, the observed behavior may not accurately reflect the participants' true beliefs, attitudes, or motivations.

Overall, the observation method is a powerful tool for collecting qualitative data and can provide valuable insights into complex social phenomena. However, it is important for researchers to carefully plan and design their observation study, taking into account potential biases and limitations, and to carefully analyze and interpret their observations to ensure that the data collected is relevant and useful for answering the research question.

Q 5. What is meant by Social Return on Investment (SROI)? Explain measurement of SROI with an example.

Ans) Social Return on Investment (SROI) is a methodology used to measure and evaluate the social, economic, and environmental impact of an organization's activities or programs. The goal of SROI is to assess the value created by an organization beyond financial returns, and to determine whether these activities are making a positive impact on society.

SROI involves a comprehensive analysis of an organization's social and environmental impacts and calculates the return on investment in terms of social value. The methodology takes into account the inputs and outputs of the organization's activities, as well as the outcomes and impacts that result from these activities. This allows organizations to identify the social value created by their programs, and to make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and maximize their impact.

The SROI methodology involves several steps, including identifying stakeholders, mapping outcomes, valuing inputs and outputs, establishing impact indicators, and measuring outcomes. The process involves engaging with stakeholders to understand their needs and expectations, and to determine the desired outcomes of the organization's activities. The impact indicators are used to measure the organization's progress towards these outcomes, and to assess the value created by the organization's activities.

SROI is used by a wide range of organizations, including non-profits, social enterprises, and corporations. It can help organizations to demonstrate their impact to stakeholders, to improve their programs and activities, and to make evidence-based decisions about where to allocate resources. It can also help organizations to identify areas where they can improve their social and environmental impact, and to communicate their achievements to a wider audience.

Overall, SROI is a valuable tool for organizations looking to measure and evaluate the social and environmental impact of their activities. It helps organizations to identify areas where they can improve their impact, and to make informed decisions about how to allocate resources to maximize their social value. By using SROI, organizations can demonstrate their commitment to social responsibility and accountability, and to making a positive impact on society.

Measurement of SROI

The measurement of Social Return on Investment (SROI) involves several steps, including identifying stakeholders, mapping outcomes, valuing inputs and outputs, establishing impact indicators, and measuring outcomes.

Here is an example of how SROI can be measured:

Let's consider a non-profit organization that provides job training and employment services to low-income individuals. The organization's primary goal is to help individuals find and maintain employment, and to improve their economic well-being.

The organization also aims to reduce poverty, increase social mobility, and strengthen the local economy.

Step 1: Identify stakeholders: In this case, stakeholders could include the job seekers, the organization's staff and volunteers, the local community, and funders.

Step 2: Map outcomes: The organization's activities could result in several outcomes, including increased job readiness, improved job search skills, increased employment rates, increased income, and increased economic activity in the local community.

Step 3: Value inputs and outputs: The inputs for the organization could include staff time, volunteer time, and training materials. The outputs could include the number of individuals trained, the number of job placements, and the amount of economic activity generated.

Step 4: Establish impact indicators: The impact indicators could include the number of individuals who find and maintain employment, the increase in income for these individuals, the reduction in poverty rates, and the increase in economic activity in the local community.

Step 5: Measure outcomes: To measure the outcomes, the organization could collect data on the number of individuals who complete the job training program, the number of individuals who find employment, the number of individuals who maintain employment for a certain period of time, and the increase in income for these individuals. The organization could also track the reduction in poverty rates and the increase in economic activity in the local community.

Once the data is collected, the organization can use it to calculate the social return on investment. For example, the organization could calculate the cost per participant in the job training program, and then calculate the economic benefits of these individuals finding and maintaining employment. The organization could also calculate the reduction in poverty rates and the increase in economic activity in the local community and compare these outcomes to the organization's inputs and outputs.