If you are looking for MRDE-101 IGNOU Solved Assignment solution for the subject Rural Social Development, you have come to the right place. MRDE-101 solution on this page applies to 2022-23 session students studying in MARD, PGDRD courses of IGNOU.
MRDE-101 Solved Assignment Solution by Gyaniversity
Assignment Code: MRDE-101/AST/TMA-5/2022-23
Course Code: MRDE-101
Assignment Name: Rural Social Development
Year: 2022-2023
Verification Status: Verified by Professor
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Long Answers Questions
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Attempt any One of the following:
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Q1) What do you understand by poverty in the global context? Discuss the estimates of poverty that are made in India.
Ans) Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects individuals and communities in different ways. It can be defined as a lack of access to basic resources and opportunities necessary for living a fulfilling life. Poverty can be measured in different ways, including income, access to education, healthcare, and social services, as well as standards of living and quality of life.
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In the global context, poverty is a significant challenge that affects millions of people, particularly in developing countries. According to the World Bank, as of 2021, the global poverty rate stands at 9.2%, with an estimated 689 million people living in extreme poverty, defined as earning less than $1.90 per day. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms by 2030.
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In India, poverty is a persistent issue that affects a significant proportion of the population. According to the World Bank, as of 2021, India is home to the largest number of people living in extreme poverty, with an estimated 58 million people living on less than $1.90 per day. In addition, a large proportion of the population lives on low incomes and lacks access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and safe drinking water.
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To achieve this goal, countries must implement policies and programs that target the root causes of poverty, including unemployment, inequality, and lack of access to basic services. This may include initiatives aimed at improving access to education and healthcare, providing financial assistance to the poor, and creating jobs through economic growth and development.
In India, poverty is a major challenge, with an estimated 22% of the population living below the poverty line in 2020. The estimates of poverty in India are based on various indicators, including household consumption expenditure, income levels, access to basic services, and health and education status.
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Measuring poverty in India is a complex and controversial issue. There are several different approaches to measuring poverty, each with its own strengths and limitations. The two most widely used approaches are the consumption-based approach and the multidimensional approach.
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The consumption-based approach is based on measuring household income or consumption expenditure. The poverty line is set based on the minimum level of consumption necessary to meet basic needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter. The official poverty line in India is based on the consumption-based approach and was first introduced in 1978. The current poverty line is set at an annual consumption expenditure of Rs. 32 per day in rural areas and Rs. 47 per day in urban areas.
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Critics of the consumption-based approach argue that it does not consider the multidimensional nature of poverty, including access to social services, quality of life, and social exclusion. In addition, there are concerns about the accuracy of the poverty line, which many argue is too low and does not reflect the true cost of living.
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India's National Sample Survey Office does regular surveys to figure out how many people are poor in the country. The NSSO measures poverty using the consumption expenditure method, which looks at how much a household spends on food, clothing, housing, and other necessities. Considering how much it costs to live in different parts of the country, the poverty line is based on the least amount of money needed to meet basic needs.
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Another important indicator of poverty in India is the Multidimensional Poverty Index, which was developed by the United Nations Development Programme and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI). The MPI measures poverty based on ten dimensions, including health, education, living standards, and empowerment. The MPI provides a more comprehensive measure of poverty than the consumption expenditure method, as it considers not only income levels but also access to basic services and human development.
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Estimates of poverty in India are very different depending on how they are made. For example, the NSSO thought that 22 percent of the population was living below the poverty line in 2020, while the MPI thought that 27.5 percent of the population was living in poverty in the same year. India's government has started a number of programmes and plans to help reduce poverty and raise the living standards of the poor. Some of the most important programmes in India that work to reduce poverty are the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, and the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana. People who are poor or on the margins of society can get help with jobs, finances, and housing through these programmes.
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The multidimensional approach to measuring poverty considers a range of indicators related to access to basic services, quality of life, and social exclusion. The most widely used multidimensional poverty index (MPI) in India is the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), which includes indicators related to health, education, and living standards.
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According to the latest NFHS-5 survey conducted in 2019-20, the multidimensional poverty rate in India stands at 24.6%. This represents a decline from the previous survey conducted in 2015-16, which found a multidimensional poverty rate of 28.7%. The decline in the multidimensional poverty rate can be attributed to improvements in access to basic services, such as healthcare and education, as well as the implementation of social welfare programs such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.
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Despite these improvements, poverty remains a significant challenge in India, particularly in rural areas and among marginalized communities such as Dalits and Adivasis. In addition, there are concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated poverty in India, with millions of people losing their livelihoods and struggling to access basic services.
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In conclusion, poverty is a major challenge in India, with a significant portion of the population living below the poverty line. The estimates of poverty in India vary widely depending on the method used to calculate it, but the government has launched several programs to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living of the poor. While progress has been made in reducing poverty in India, there is still a long way to go to ensure that all citizens have access to the basic necessities of life and enjoy a decent standard of living.
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Medium Answers Questions
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Attempt any Two of the following:
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Q1) What are the salient features of participatory development? How empowerment can be achieved through self-governance?
Ans) Participatory development is a development approach that aims to involve the local community in the decision-making process, planning, and implementation of development projects. It is based on the belief that local communities have valuable knowledge and resources that can be harnessed to improve their own lives. The following are the salient features of participatory development:
Community Participation: Participatory development involves the active involvement of the local community in the development process. The community is considered the primary stakeholder, and their knowledge, skills, and resources are utilized to identify and solve development problems.
Empowerment: Participatory development aims to empower the local community to take ownership of the development process. It provides them with the tools and resources to take control of their own lives and to make informed decisions.
Inclusiveness: Participatory development is inclusive and aims to involve all members of the community, including marginalized and vulnerable groups, such as women, children, and the elderly.
Sustainability: Participatory development aims to create sustainable development by promoting the use of local resources, knowledge, and skills. It seeks to ensure that development projects are environmentally and socially sustainable.
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Empowerment can be achieved through self-governance in the following ways:Â
Decision-Making Power: Self-governance provides the local community with decision-making power. It allows them to decide on the development priorities and to take ownership of the development process.
Capacity Building: Self-governance promotes capacity building by providing the community with the skills and knowledge to manage and sustain the development process. This includes training in leadership, project management, and financial management.
Access to Resources: Self-governance provides the local community with access to resources, including financial, human, and natural resources. This allows them to take control of their own development process and to utilize their resources in a sustainable manner.
Accountability: Self-governance promotes accountability by ensuring that the community is responsible for the development process. It promotes transparency, and decision-making is based on the needs of the community.
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In conclusion, participatory development is a development approach that involves the local community in the decision-making process, planning, and implementation of development projects. It aims to empower the local community to take ownership of the development process and to make informed decisions. Empowerment can be achieved through self-governance by providing the local community with decision-making power, capacity building, access to resources, and accountability. Participatory development and self-governance are essential for sustainable development, and they promote the use of local resources, knowledge, and skills.
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Q2) Briefly trace the evolution of cooperatives in India since independence.
Ans) Cooperatives in India have a long and complex history, which can be traced back to the pre-independence era. However, since independence, the cooperative movement has undergone various changes and developments. The following is a brief overview of the evolution of cooperatives in India since independence:
The First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956): The First Five-Year Plan recognized the importance of cooperatives in the economic development of India. The plan aimed to promote agricultural cooperatives as a means of increasing agricultural productivity and improving the standard of living of farmers.
The Cooperative Societies Act (1952): The Cooperative Societies Act was passed in 1952, which provided the legal framework for the formation and functioning of cooperatives in India. The act aimed to promote the formation of cooperatives in various sectors, including agriculture, credit, marketing, and housing.
The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961): The Second Five-Year Plan emphasized the need to strengthen the cooperative movement in India. The plan aimed to promote the formation of cooperatives in urban and rural areas, to provide employment opportunities, and to improve the standard of living of people.
Nationalization of Banks (1969): In 1969, the government nationalized 14 major commercial banks, which had a significant impact on the cooperative movement. The nationalization of banks led to a shift in focus from credit cooperatives to other sectors, such as marketing and consumer cooperatives.
The Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966): The Third Five-Year Plan aimed to promote the formation of cooperatives in various sectors, including credit, marketing, and housing. The plan also aimed to increase the participation of women in the cooperative movement.
The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-1974): The Fourth Five-Year Plan emphasized the need to integrate the cooperative movement with the overall development process. The plan aimed to promote the formation of multipurpose cooperatives, which could provide a range of services to their members.
The Cooperative Development Strategy (2002): The Cooperative Development Strategy was launched in 2002, which aimed to promote the growth and development of cooperatives in various sectors, including agriculture, credit, marketing, and housing. The strategy aimed to strengthen the legal and regulatory framework for cooperatives and to provide support for capacity building and technical assistance.
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In conclusion, the evolution of cooperatives in India since independence has been marked by various changes and developments. The cooperative movement has played a significant role in the economic development of India, particularly in the agriculture sector. However, the movement has faced various challenges, including weak governance, lack of financial resources, and low levels of awareness and education among members. Nevertheless, the cooperative movement continues to be an important part of the development process in India, and its potential for promoting inclusive and sustainable development is significant.
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Short Answers Questions
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Attempt any Five of the following:
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Q1) Automatic Milk Collection System (AMCS)
Ans) Automatic Milk Collection System is a technology used in the dairy industry to efficiently collect, measure, and record milk production. It consists of milking machines with sensors that are attached to dairy animals to extract milk, a computer system for processing data, and software for analysing and reporting the collected data. This system helps dairy farmers to accurately track their milk production, identify trends, and improve overall efficiency in their operations. AMCS also provides real-time data that enables dairy farmers to monitor their animals and make informed decisions about their care and management.
Q2) Physical Barriers to Communication
Ans) Physical barriers to communication are obstructions in physical form that hinder the communication between two parties. Being physical, these obstructions are mostly visible, and you can reduce or eliminate them through physical changes. Physical barriers can occur because of natural calamities like thunder or manufactured objects like walls or doors. Any disturbance in communication caused by such barriers can affect the operations of a business or a workplace. Overcoming these barriers is essential to ensure complete and clear communication.
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Q3) District Planning Committees
Ans) District Planning Committees (DPCs) are local planning groups that are set up in many countries to make sure that the needs and hopes of local communities are considered in the planning process. They provide a place for district-level stakeholders, such as government officials, elected representatives, and members of civil society groups, to talk about and plan for the growth of their communities.
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Q4) Rural Credit Markets
Ans) Rural credit markets are made up of the financial institutions, middlemen, and policies that help rural households and businesses get credit. Rural credit markets are an important part of rural development and reducing poverty because they give farmers and small businesses in rural areas the money they need to invest in their businesses, buy inputs, and grow.
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Q5) International dependence Theories
Ans) International dependence theories are a set of theories that analyse the relationship between developed and developing countries. These theories seek to explain why some countries are economically and politically dependent on others and how this relationship affects their development and growth. There are several different approaches to understand this relationship, including modernization theory, neoclassical theory, and Marxist theory.
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