Assignment Code: ATR-01/2020-21

Course Code: ATR-01

Assignment Name: Application Oriented Course in Translation

Year: 2020-2021

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Valid Until: December 31, 2021

Q1. Translate the following prose to Hindi:

Ans)

एक व्यक्ति और एक युवा किशोर लड़के को एक होटल में चेक किया गया और उन्हें उनके कमरे में दिखाया गया। रिसेप्शनिस्ट ने मेहमानों के शांत तरीके और लड़के के हल्के दिखने का उल्लेख किया।

बाद में, आदमी और लड़के ने होटल के रेस्तरां में रात का खाना खाया।

कर्मचारियों ने फिर देखा कि दोनों मेहमान बहुत शांत थे और वह लड़का लग रहा था भोजन में अरुचि। खाने के बाद, लड़का अपने कमरे में गया और आदमी पूछने गया प्रबंधक को देखने के लिए रिसेप्शनिस्ट। रिसेप्शनिस्ट ने शुरू में पूछा कि क्या ए सेवा या कमरे के साथ समस्या, और चीजों को ठीक करने की पेशकश की, लेकिन आदमी ने कहा कि इस तरह की कोई समस्या नहीं थी और उनके अनुरोध को दोहराया।

जब मैनेजर सामने आया, तो वह उसे एक तरफ ले गया और समझाया कि वह खर्च कर रहा है अपने चौदह वर्षीय बेटे के साथ होटल में रात, जो गंभीर रूप से बीमार था, शायद टर्मिनली ऐसा है। लड़का बहुत जल्द थेरेपी से गुजरने वाला था, जिससे उसे नुकसान उठाना पड़ा उसके बाल। वे होटल में एक साथ ब्रेक लेने आए थे और लड़के के कारण भी उस रात सिर काटने की योजना बनाई, बल्कि महसूस किया कि बीमारी उसे मार रही थी। पिता ने कहा कि वह अपने बेटे के समर्थन में अपना सिर भी मुंडवाएंगे।

उन्होंने पूछा कि जब वे दोनों अपने साथ नाश्ते के लिए आए थे तो कर्मचारी सम्मानजनक थे मुंड़े हुए सिर। प्रबंधक ने पिता को आश्वासन दिया कि वह सभी कर्मचारियों को सूचित करेगा और वे उचित व्यवहार करेगा। अगली सुबह पिता और पुत्र ने प्रवेश किया नाश्ते के लिए रेस्तरां। वहां उन्होंने चार पुरुष रेस्तरां कर्मचारियों को उनके साथ भाग लेते देखा कर्तव्यों, पूरी तरह से सामान्य रूप से, सभी मुंडा सिर के साथ।

कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ता कि आप किस व्यवसाय में हैं, आप लोगों की मदद कर सकते हैं और आप फर्क कर सकते हैं।

Q2. Translate the following prose into English:

राजा के दरबार में एक व्यापारी संदूक के साथ पहुंचा । उसने गर्व से कहा , ' महाराज , में व्यापारी हूँ और बिना बीज एंव पानी के पेड़ उगाता हूँ । आपके लिए एक अद्भुत उपहार लाया हूँ , लेकिन आपके दरबार में एक से एक ज्ञानी - ध्यानी है , इसलिए पहले मुझे कोई यह बताए कि इस संदूक में क्या है ? अगर बता देगा तो आपके यहाँ चाकरी करने को तैयार है ।

सभासद पडितो , पुरोहितों और ज्योतिषियों की ओर देखने लगे , लेकिन उन लोगों ने सिर झुका लिए । सभा में गोनू झा भी उपस्थित थे उन्हें उसकी चुनौती स्वीकार करना आवश्यक लगा , अन्यथा दरवार की जग - हेसाई होती । गानू झा ने विश्वासपूर्वक कहा , " मैं बता सकता हूँ कि संदूक में क्या है , लेकिन इसके लिए मुझे रातभर का समय चाहिए और व्यापारी को संदूक के साथ मेरे यहाँ ठहरना होगा । सदूक बदला न जाए , इसकी निगरानी के लिए हम रातभर जगे रहेंगे और व्यापारी चाहे तो पहरेदार भी रखवा सकते हैं ।

सभी मान गए और व्यापारी गोनू झा के यहाँ चला गया ।

रातभर दोनों संदूक की रखवाली करते रहे । रात काटनी थी , इसलिए किस्सा - कहानी भी चलती रही । बातचीत के क्रम में गोनू झा ने कहा , भाई . कुछ दिन पूर्व मुझे एक व्यापारी मिला था , उसने भी यही कहा था कि बिना बीज - पानी के पेड़ उगाता हूँ । पेड़ों में भौति - भाँति के फूल खिलते है , वह भी रात में । क्या आप भी रात में पेड उगाकर भाति - भाति के फूल खिला सकते हैं ?

Ans) A merchant arrived at the king's court with a coffer. He proudly said, 'Maharaj, I am a businessman and I grow trees without seeds and water. I have brought a wonderful gift for you, but in your court there is a knowledgeable one, so first let me tell you what is there in this box? If you will tell, then you are ready to serve.

The councillor looked towards the priest, priests and astrologers, but they bowed their heads. Gonu Jha was also present in the meeting, he felt it necessary to accept his challenge, otherwise the court would have been jag-hesai. Gannu Jha confidently said, "I can tell what is in the box, but for this I need an overnight time and the businessman will have to stay with me with the box. We will stay awake overnight to watch if Sadouk is changed." Merchants can also get guard if they want.

Everyone agreed and the merchant went to Gonu Jha.

Throughout the night both of them kept guarding the box. Night had to be cut, so the story - the story kept going. In the course of the conversation, Gonu Jha said, brother. A few days ago, I had found a businessman, he had also said that I grow trees without seeds and water. Trees like flowers bloom in the morning, that too at night. Can you also grow trees at night and feed them flowers?

Q3. Write short notes on:

a) Scientific Translation

Ans) Scientific translation is the translation of scientific texts, thus a special knowledge will be required. These texts require a deep knowledge of both the source and target languages, as well as a proper understanding of the subject. Scientific translators are often trained linguists that specialize in fields such as medicine, biology or chemistry. Sometimes they are scientists that have developed a high degree of linguistic knowledge, which they apply to the translation of texts in their field of expertise. Collaboration between linguists and subject specialists is really common in this case.

BE CLEAR AND CONCISE

Clarity and concision are the main stylistic goals of scientific translation, which must convey the exact meaning of the original text. Ambiguities and unclear constructions are characteristics of the literary texts and must not be found anywhere is scientific translation. This is the hardest task in scientific translation.

KEEP AN EYE ON THE MISTAKES IN THE ORIGINAL TEXT

What is also really common among scientific translators is their ability to correct the small mistakes in the original text, as they will be the persons that will read the document most attentively.                                            

PLAY WITH STRUCTURE AND MEANING

If the syntactic and lexical features of the language differ, it is sometimes necessary to completely recast certain sentences. For instance, highly inflected languages such as Russian and German can string together long chain of independent and dependent clauses with many referents and antecedents and still keeping the whole meaning clear.

BE AN AVID READER

In order to create a flawless scientific translation, the translator must be as informed as possible. Reading the latest books and academic journals helps you improve your translation skills. Firstly, you get used to the terminology and with the style of this type of work. Secondly, you will be up to date with the latest scientific researches and discoveries, which helps you understand more easily the concepts that you are supposed to translate.

ALWAYS PROOFREAD YOUR TRANSLATION

At the end of your translation, you should always proofread the texts yourself first and then ask a second translator to proofread your work as well. Ideally, ask other translators who have experience in the field.

b) Multiple Translation

Ans) Collaborative translation is a translation technique that has been created or enabled by modern translation technology where multiple participants can collaborate on the same document simultaneously, generally sharing a computer-assisted translation interface that includes tools for collaboration.

Collaborative translation should not be confused with crowdsourcing: the two are very different, although the techniques can be used together.

Collaborative translation techniques are frequently confused with crowdsourcing techniques, even by managers who work in translation industry.

Collaborative translation refers to the technique of having multiple translation participants with varying tasks participate simultaneously in a collaborative workspace with shared resources. It is a new technique made possible by cloud computing. The purpose of collaborative translation is to reduce the total time of the translation lifecycle, improve communications, particularly between translator and non-translator participants, and eliminate many management tasks.

c) Over -translation

Ans) In the context of translation criticism, a translation that is very particular, which, sometimes in reaction to semantic difficulties in the receiving culture, sometimes for ideological reasons and sometimes due to a keenness to make the translation more acceptable, tends to add too many details that are non-existent in the original text. One example is the change from “How shall this be, seeing that I know not a man?” in the Kings James Version of the New Testament, to “How will this be, since I am a virgin?” in the New International Version

d) style and register

Ans) When discussing the register of a word, we refer to the use of language for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting, that is, its level of formality. The English language is no exception when it comes to language variation and style and it is important to recognise the differences and just as important to know the differences.

An important feature of writing at university is its style and register. The choice of register for a particular text or part of text will vary depending on the genre and who will be reading the text. Therefore, knowing the targeted audience before starting the writing process, will have an impact on the stylistic choices.

When referring to register in writing, the choices are usually 'familiar', 'informal', 'formal' and 'ceremonial'. However, the two registers that are commonly crossed in academic writing are generally between formal and informal; therefore, a standard guideline of the stylistic differences between the two have been provided, plus a simple guide of cross registering examples.

e) Dialect

Ans) The term dialect is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena:

One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. Under this definition, the dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely mutually intelligible, especially if close to one another on the dialect continuum. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class or ethnicity.

 A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed an ethnolect, and a geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect (alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and 'topolect). According to this definition, any variety of a given language can be classified as "a dialect", including any standardized varieties. In this case, the distinction between the "standard language" (i.e. the "standard" dialect of a particular language) and the "nonstandard" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often arbitrary and based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations or prevalence and prominence. In a similar way, the definitions of the terms "language" and "dialect" may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in arbitrary or socio-political motives. The term "dialect" is however sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions.

Q4. Explain the main features of official translation

Ans) Official translation consists of legal, diplomatic and military work. It also includes interpreting, a task which involves a native-like control on both the languages involved.

1. A non-literary translation is addressed to a specific section of society. A poem or a short story may be read by every literate member of the target group but translation of scientific or an offid text is used by the specific group for which it is meant.

   
   

2. A non-literary translation is generally done only once. A play of Shakespeare or Kalidas may be translated afresh by every age but a science or social science text will generally be translated only once. In fact, one of the major reasons to translate non-literary texts is to overcome ths: gaps that may exist in the cumulative knowledge of the target language group.

   
   

3. Translators of non-literary texts need to know not only the two languages involved but also the subject itself. Unless you know physics well, for example, it will be difficult for you to translate a physics text competently.

   
   

4. Non-literary translation often involves introducing a qew terminological and conceptual machinery in the target language. The sources a translator of non-literary texts must explore to coin appropriate terms is indeed a very challenging task.

   
   

5. A non-literary text makes far greater demands in terms of reproducing the

   original as sincerely as possible.

Q5. Discuss the main features of translating drama.

Ans) Aspects of Translating Drama

1. the potential audience

2. cultural symbols

3. names of characters and places historical context

4. the use of language

5. playability

Potential Audience

Who is the play being translated for? A production for a slum-dwelling audience, a rural audience or an elite audience in a metropolitan-city, will be different. This will, to some extent, dictate the theatrical conventions that will be adopted. For example, a translation for a Marathi audience will make use of the conventions of Marathi theatre. This is done because of the expectations of the audience. If they recognize something familiar (their own theatrical conventions in this case) their delight in the performance increases. For example, try to recollect your own delight at recognizing a familiar tune from a favourite film. Let us give you another example discussed by Susan Bassnett-McGuire in her book Translation Studies. She tells us how the first performance of a translated version of the French playwright Racine's Andromache failed on the British stage. Some years later, Ambrose Philip's version was a great success. What did Philips do? He made several additions, shortened it in places, added speeches and even scenes keeping in mind the expectations of his English audience. Thus, the translator must cater to the expectations of the audience and the

conventions that they are familiar with.

Cultural Symbols

The cultural symbols will also have to be adopted in a similar manner. For example, while white garments signify mourning in Hindi culture, they are symbolic of purity and worn at weddings in Christian ceremonies. A bride wearing white in a Hindi version of a play will appear a widow to our audiences.

Names of Characters and Places

While adapting a play to a different cultural context; sometimes the names of

oharacters and places are changed. 'Michael' can become 'Mohammed' and 'John', ! 'Jeevan'.

Q6. Explain in features of literary translation.

Ans) literary translation is undertaken by a translator with the primary aim of making available to the reader in the target language (TL) those literary texts which were written originally in another language (SL) but which according to him/ her ought also to be read by readers of the target language. Now, texts of creative literature have certain features which distinguish them from other kind of texts, for instance, scientific and technical texts. A translator of literary texts ought to pay due attention these distinguishing features and 'translate' them in an appropriate manner. Let us

hook at some of the main differences between the two.

Literary Translation versus Scientific and Technical Translation

A work of creative translation-a story, poem, novel. play or piece of prose-is written with the aim of 'conveying' not only some significant ideas but also 'evoking ‘a particular 'emotional response'. A story about ghosts, for instance, may fill its readers with a sense of fear and also give its readers information about supernatural beings. A piece of creative literature, therefore, appeals to the mind as well as the heart.

The Significance of Manner in Literary Translation

Another distinguishing feature of literary writing is that in them both the content and way this content is communicated, are significant. The way an author 'conveys' his/her ideas or emotions is generally known as style. Every piece of literary writing, therefore, has two significant aspects-content and style. Now, style or manner of writing is what distinguishes one writer from another.

In other words, two writers may choose to write about the same subject but what will distinguish one from the other will be his or her style of writing. To take an example, both Mahadevi Verma and Jayashankar Prasad, another Romantic poet of Hindi, have written about the pangs of love but their individual manner of writing their style-make them quite different from each other. Style plays as equally important role in distinguishing between story writers too.

Literal versus Free Translation

An ideal translation is one which translates all the words of a text and only those no more. no less. As we have seen, no two languages have exactly similar structures syntactic as well as semantic. That is to say. different languages have different ways of arranging words to frame sentences that convey meaning. A word or expression may at times need elaboration in a translation. Alternatively, it may be possible to condense a longer expression into either a single word or shorter expression in a translated version.

Q8. What is translation? Distinguish the various types of translation.

Ans) We may define translation as the act of presenting a text in a language, other than the one in which it was originally written. This may appear to be a definition which is good enough. However, it is not. It is quite possible, and sometimes it happens, that you translate a text, rendering it into another language but you fail to put across the message contained in the original text. we may need more than one type of translation but let us first see which are the main types of translations and why and for what type of texts we need them.

Word-for- Word Translation

In this type of translation, the primary unit of translation is the word. A substitute of each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of words remains the same as in the source language. This is based on the principle that while translating a text, no word should be left untranslated and, word which does not occur in the original text should

be included in the translated text. Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL. Let us look at an example of this type of translation.

Literal Translation

Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of the source language text are translated. No additions are made by the translator, nor does s/he omit any word. However, no two languages have exactly similar structures. That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words together to make sentences. Also, different languages have

different ways of conveying meaning. However, sometimes two languages may be close to one another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar. When the activity of translation takes place between two such languages, it may be possible to make a literal translation. Again, it may be possible to use this type of translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more information-oriented and less opinion-oriented. For instance, translations of scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation.

Free Translation

A free translation of the above sentence would be-'you are hardly seen these days'. This type of translation is called free translation because the translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word equivalents of the source language text. There appears to be hardly any relationship between the form of the original text and its translation. The emphasis is on capturing the sense of the original text.

If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which have more information content, free translation suits those texts which also evoke a particular 'emotional response' among its readers. In other words, free translation is more suitable for literary texts while literal translation generally

suits scientific and technical texts.

Conceptual Translation

If word-for-word translation is on one extreme, conceptua1 translation is on the other. Word-for-word translation is based on the principle that each and every word in the text is significant a d hence a translator must translate each one of them. Moreover, no addition 1 word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text. Conceptual translation, on the other hand, is based on the principle that the concept or the message is more important than the words. As such, a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in the text. It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original text.

Elaborate Translation

It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer than the original text in the source language. In fact, all good translations are somewhat longer than the original. But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer translations are necessarily good. What we are saying is that because of the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in cultural background, a translated text consumes more words and sentences to communicate the same message which had been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the original language.

Q8. Translate the following words to Hindi:

a) Adhoc

Ans) बिना पहले सोचे हुए

b) Eligibility

Ans) योग्यता

c) Deputy Commissioner

Ans) उपायुक्त

d) Appointment

Ans) नियुक्ति

e) Withdraw

Ans) प्रत्याहृत करना

f) Political

Ans) राजनीतिक

g) Constitution

Ans) संविधान

h) Finance

Ans) वित्त

i) Additional

Ans) अतिरिक्त

j) Withhold

Ans) रोक लेना