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BCOS-184: E-Commerce

BCOS-184: E-Commerce

IGNOU Solved Assignment Solution for 2023-24

If you are looking for BCOS-184 IGNOU Solved Assignment solution for the subject E-Commerce, you have come to the right place. BCOS-184 solution on this page applies to 2023-24 session students studying in BCOMG, BSCG, BAVTM, BAG, BBARIL, BATS, BBA courses of IGNOU.

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Assignment Solution

Assignment Code: BCOS–184/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: BCOS–184

Assignment Name: E-Commerce

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor



SECTION A

 

Q1) State the impact of various emerging technologies such as mobility, cloud, AI, and IoT on   E-commerce.

Ans) Emerging technologies like mobility, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) have had a profound impact on the e-commerce landscape, revolutionizing the way businesses operate, interact with customers, and deliver products and services. Below are the impacts of each of these technologies on e-commerce:

 

a)     Mobility:

Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have transformed the way consumers shop online. With the increasing prevalence of mobile internet access, consumers can browse and purchase products anytime and anywhere, leading to a significant growth in mobile commerce (m-commerce). E-commerce businesses have had to adapt by optimizing their websites and applications for mobile devices, ensuring seamless and user-friendly experiences across various screen sizes. Additionally, the rise of mobile payment technologies like digital wallets and mobile banking has facilitated quicker and more convenient transactions, further driving e-commerce growth.

 

b)     Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has provided e-commerce businesses with scalable and cost-effective solutions for storing, managing, and analyzing vast amounts of data. By leveraging cloud-based infrastructure and services, businesses can easily scale their operations to accommodate fluctuations in demand, without the need for significant upfront investment in physical hardware. Cloud platforms also offer advanced analytics capabilities, allowing e-commerce businesses to gain valuable insights into customer behaviour, preferences, and trends. Moreover, cloud-based e-commerce platforms enable seamless integration with other technologies, such as AI and IoT, to deliver personalized shopping experiences and streamline business operations.

 

c)     Artificial Intelligence (AI):

AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, have revolutionized various aspects of e-commerce, from product recommendations to customer service and supply chain management. AI-powered recommendation engines analyse vast amounts of data to suggest personalized products to customers, thereby enhancing the shopping experience and driving sales. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered by AI can provide real-time support to customers, answering queries, resolving issues, and even processing orders autonomously. Furthermore, AI algorithms help e-commerce businesses optimize pricing strategies, inventory management, and logistics, improving efficiency and profitability.

 

d)     Internet of Things (IoT):

The IoT ecosystem, comprising interconnected devices and sensors, has enabled innovative e-commerce applications in areas such as inventory management, logistics, and customer engagement. IoT devices embedded in products, packaging, and warehouses can provide real-time data on inventory levels, product location, and environmental conditions, enabling e-commerce businesses to optimize supply chain operations and ensure timely order fulfilment. Additionally, IoT-enabled smart devices, such as wearables and home appliances, offer new channels for customer interaction and commerce, allowing businesses to deliver personalized experiences and targeted promotions based on user preferences and behaviour.

 

Q2) What is a virtual currency? Why do you think crypto currency was banned by RBI?

Ans) A virtual currency, also known as a digital currency or cryptocurrency, is a type of digital or virtual money that utilizes cryptography for secure financial transactions, control the creation of new units, and verify the transfer of assets. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments and central banks, virtual currencies operate on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology.

 

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that records all transactions across a network of computers in a secure and transparent manner. Each transaction is verified by network participants (known as miners in the case of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin) and added to a block, which is then linked to previous blocks, creating a chain of blocks or a blockchain. This decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain technology eliminates the need for intermediaries like banks or payment processors, reducing transaction costs and increasing efficiency.

 

Cryptocurrencies are a specific type of virtual currency that use cryptographic techniques to secure transactions, control the creation of new units, and verify the transfer of assets. Bitcoin, created in 2009 by an unknown person or group of people using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, was the first decentralized cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known and widely used.

 

Other popular cryptocurrencies include Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin, and many others, each with its own unique features and use cases. These cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, remittances, investment, and fundraising through initial coin offerings (ICOs).

 

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank, banned cryptocurrencies in April 2018 through a circular issued to banks and other financial institutions under its regulatory purview. The ban prohibited banks and financial institutions from providing services to individuals or businesses dealing in cryptocurrencies.

 

There were several reasons behind RBI's decision to ban cryptocurrencies

a)     Lack of regulation: The cryptocurrency market was largely unregulated in India at the time of the ban, raising concerns about consumer protection, money laundering, and terrorist financing. Without proper regulation, cryptocurrencies could be used for illegal activities and pose risks to the financial system.

b)     Price volatility: Cryptocurrencies are known for their extreme price volatility, with prices often experiencing large fluctuations within short periods. This volatility makes cryptocurrencies risky investments and raises concerns about consumer protection and market stability.

c)     Investor protection: The RBI expressed concerns about the lack of investor protection in the cryptocurrency market, as investors may not have access to sufficient information or recourse in case of fraud or loss.

d)     Financial stability: The rapid growth of the cryptocurrency market and its potential to disrupt traditional financial systems raised concerns about financial stability and systemic risk. The RBI sought to mitigate these risks by banning cryptocurrencies and protecting the stability of the Indian financial system.

e)     Sovereign control over currency: Central banks like the RBI have the authority to issue and regulate national currencies, ensuring sovereign control over monetary policy and the stability of the financial system. Cryptocurrencies, as decentralized and non-sovereign forms of currency, could undermine this control and pose challenges to monetary policy implementation.

 

Q3) What is an operating system? Explain the two most commonly used operating systems.

Ans) An operating system (OS) is a software program that serves as an intermediary between computer hardware and user applications. It manages computer hardware resources, provides a user interface for interacting with the system, and facilitates the execution of user programs. Essentially, an operating system acts as the backbone of a computer system, coordinating and controlling various hardware and software components to ensure smooth and efficient operation. The two most commonly used operating systems are Microsoft Windows and macOS (formerly known as Mac OS X). Let's explore each of them in more detail:

 

a)     Microsoft Windows:

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is the most widely used operating system for personal computers, with versions tailored for desktops, laptops, tablets, and servers. Windows operating systems are known for their user-friendly interface, broad compatibility with software and hardware, and extensive range of features and applications.

 

Key features of Microsoft Windows include:

1)      Graphical user interface (GUI): Windows provides a visually appealing GUI with icons, windows, menus, and a taskbar for easy navigation and interaction.

2)     Multitasking support: Windows allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously, switching between them seamlessly.

3)     File management: Windows includes a file explorer for organizing, accessing, and managing files and folders on storage devices.

4)     Device support: Windows offers extensive device support for a wide range of hardware components, including printers, scanners, graphics cards, and peripherals.

5)     Software ecosystem: Windows has a vast software ecosystem, with millions of third-party applications available for various purposes, including productivity, entertainment, gaming, and development.

6)     Security features: Windows includes built-in security features such as Windows Defender antivirus, firewall, and encryption tools to protect against malware, viruses, and unauthorized access.

 

b)     macOS:

macOS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its Macintosh line of computers. It is known for its elegant design, seamless integration with Apple hardware and software, and focus on user experience and productivity. macOS is widely praised for its stability, performance, and security features, making it a popular choice among creative professionals, developers, and general users.

 

Key features of macOS include:

1)      Aqua interface: macOS features a sleek and intuitive Aqua interface with a dock, menu bar, and Finder for accessing files and applications.

2)     Unix-based foundation: macOS is built on a Unix-based architecture, providing a stable and secure foundation for running applications and services.

3)     Integration with Apple ecosystem: macOS seamlessly integrates with other Apple devices and services, such as iPhone, iPad, iCloud, and Apple Music, enabling users to synchronise data and access content across devices.

4)     Continuity features: macOS offers continuity features such as Handoff, Universal Clipboard, and AirDrop, allowing users to seamlessly transition between Mac and iOS devices and share content wirelessly.

5)     Built-in productivity apps: macOS includes a suite of built-in productivity apps such as Safari, Mail, Calendar, and Pages, providing users with essential tools for browsing the web, managing email, scheduling events, and creating documents.

6)     Security and privacy: macOS incorporates advanced security features such as Gatekeeper, FileVault encryption, and App Sandbox to protect against malware, data breaches, and privacy violations.

 

Q4) What is Cyber Security? State its importance in the today’s digitally connected world.

Ans) Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, devices, and data from unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and other malicious activities. It encompasses a range of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard digital assets and mitigate the risks associated with cyber threats. With the increasing reliance on digital technologies and the growing interconnectedness of systems and devices, cybersecurity has become a critical concern for individuals, businesses, governments, and organizations worldwide.

 

The importance of cybersecurity in today's digitally connected world cannot be overstated.

Here are some key reasons why cybersecurity is crucial: 

a)     Protection of sensitive data: In today's digital age, data is one of the most valuable assets for individuals and organizations alike. Cybersecurity measures help protect sensitive information such as personal data, financial records, intellectual property, and confidential business data from unauthorized access, theft, and exploitation. Failure to safeguard data can lead to severe consequences, including financial loss, reputational damage, legal liabilities, and regulatory penalties.

b)     Prevention of cyberattacks: Cyberattacks are increasingly sophisticated and diverse, ranging from malware and phishing attacks to ransomware, DDoS attacks, and insider threats. Effective cybersecurity measures help prevent, detect, and respond to cyberattacks, reducing the likelihood of successful breaches and minimizing the impact on systems, networks, and users. By implementing robust security controls, organizations can strengthen their defense and thwart potential threats before they cause harm.

c)     Preservation of trust and confidence: Trust and confidence are essential components of the digital economy, underpinning online transactions, interactions, and collaborations. A strong cybersecurity posture enhances trust and confidence among users, customers, partners, and stakeholders by demonstrating a commitment to protecting their privacy, security, and rights. Conversely, cybersecurity breaches erode trust and confidence, damaging relationships and undermining the reputation and credibility of organizations.

d)     Compliance with regulations and standards: Governments, regulatory bodies, and industry organizations have established various laws, regulations, and standards to govern cybersecurity practices and protect the interests of individuals and businesses. Compliance with these requirements is essential for organizations operating in regulated industries such as finance, healthcare, and telecommunications. By adhering to cybersecurity regulations and standards, organizations can avoid legal consequences, fines, and sanctions while demonstrating compliance and accountability to regulators, customers, and partners.

e)     Continuity of operations: Cybersecurity incidents, such as data breaches and cyberattacks, can disrupt business operations, disrupt services, and cause downtime, leading to financial losses and productivity declines. Effective cybersecurity measures help ensure the continuity of operations by minimizing the impact of disruptions, restoring services promptly, and maintaining business resilience in the face of emerging threats and vulnerabilities. By proactively addressing cybersecurity risks, organizations can enhance their readiness to withstand and recover from adverse events.

f)      Protection of critical infrastructure: Critical infrastructure sectors such as energy, transportation, healthcare, and government rely heavily on information technology and operational technology systems to support essential services and functions. Cybersecurity plays a vital role in safeguarding critical infrastructure from cyber threats, ensuring the reliability, availability, and integrity of vital systems and services. A cyberattack on critical infrastructure can have far-reaching consequences, including widespread disruptions, economic damage, and threats to public safety and national security.

 

Q5) State the differences among React native, Ionic, Xamarin and Flutter.

Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences Among React Native, Ionic, Xamarin, and Flutter:

Section – B

 

Q6) Explain Drop Shipping Model? Would emerging technologies have any impact on  implementation strategies of e-commerce? Justify.

Ans) Drop shipping is a retail fulfilment method where a store doesn't keep the products it sells in stock. Instead, when a store sells a product, it purchases the item from a third party and has it shipped directly to the customer. As a result, the seller doesn't have to handle the product directly or manage inventory. Drop shipping is particularly popular in e-commerce, where it allows retailers to offer a wide range of products without the need for large upfront investments in inventory or storage space.

 

The drop shipping model typically involves the following key players

a)     Retailer: The retailer is the party that sells products to customers through an online store or platform. They handle customer orders, marketing, and customer service.

b)     Supplier/Wholesaler: The supplier or wholesaler is the entity that manufactures or supplies the products. They fulfil orders by shipping products directly to customers on behalf of the retailer.

c)     Customer: The customer is the end consumer who purchases products from the retailer's online store.

 

Drop shipping offers several advantages for both retailers and suppliers. Retailers benefit from reduced overhead costs, as they don't need to invest in inventory or warehouse space. They also have access to a vast selection of products without the risk of overstocking or holding obsolete inventory. Suppliers benefit from increased sales and exposure, as they can reach new customers through multiple retailers without the need for their own marketing efforts.

 

Emerging technologies have a significant impact on the implementation strategies of e-commerce, including drop shipping. Some of the ways in which emerging technologies influence drop shipping implementation strategies include:

a)     Automation: Technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can automate various aspects of drop shipping, including inventory management, order processing, and customer support. Automation improves efficiency, reduces errors, and enables retailers to scale their drop shipping operations more effectively.

b)     Supply chain visibility: IoT (Internet of Things) devices and blockchain technology provide enhanced visibility and traceability throughout the supply chain. This increased transparency helps retailers and suppliers track the movement of products, monitor inventory levels, and identify potential bottlenecks or issues in real-time.

c)     Personalization: Advanced analytics and big data enable retailers to analyse customer data and behaviour to personalize product recommendations, marketing campaigns, and pricing strategies. Personalization enhances the customer experience and drives sales in drop shipping e-commerce models.

d)     Fulfilment optimization: Robotics and automation technologies can optimize order fulfilment processes in drop shipping warehouses, reducing order processing times and shipping costs. Robotics enable faster picking, packing, and shipping of orders, leading to improved customer satisfaction and loyalty. 

 

Q7) State the difference between traditional payment and e- payment.

Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences Among traditional payment and e- payment:

Q8) Why is customer engagement and retention an important tool for an e commerce business?

Ans) Customer engagement and retention are essential tools for e-commerce businesses because they directly impact the success, growth, and sustainability of the business. Here are several reasons why customer engagement and retention are crucial:

 

a)     Repeat Business: Engaging with customers and building strong relationships encourages repeat purchases. Repeat customers are more likely to make additional purchases over time, leading to increased revenue and profitability for the e-commerce business. By focusing on retention, businesses can reduce the cost of acquiring new customers and maximize the lifetime value of existing customers.

b)     Brand Loyalty: Engaged customers are more loyal to the brand and are less likely to switch to competitors. Building brand loyalty through positive experiences, personalized interactions, and exceptional customer service fosters trust and emotional connections with customers. Loyal customers are advocates for the brand, referring friends and family and contributing to positive word-of-mouth marketing.

c)     Increased Customer Lifetime Value: Engaging with customers throughout their journey and providing personalized experiences can increase their lifetime value to the business. Customers who feel valued and appreciated are more likely to spend more on each purchase, upgrade to higher-value products or services, and remain loyal over the long term. Maximizing customer lifetime value is essential for sustainable growth and profitability.

d)     Reduced Churn Rate: Customer engagement and retention efforts help reduce churn rate, which refers to the rate at which customers stop doing business with a company. High churn rates can be detrimental to e-commerce businesses, leading to lost revenue, decreased market share, and increased marketing costs to acquire new customers. By focusing on retention strategies, businesses can minimize churn and maintain a stable customer base.

e)     Competitive Advantage: E-commerce is a highly competitive landscape, with numerous competitors vying for the attention and business of consumers. Customer engagement and retention strategies differentiate a business from its competitors and give it a competitive edge. Businesses that prioritize customer satisfaction, loyalty programs, and personalized experiences stand out in the crowded marketplace and attract and retain more customers.

f)      Feedback and Improvement: Engaged customers provide valuable feedback and insights that help e-commerce businesses improve their products, services, and overall customer experience. By listening to customer feedback, addressing concerns, and making continuous improvements, businesses can strengthen relationships with customers and demonstrate their commitment to meeting customer needs and expectations.

g)     Long-Term Growth and Sustainability: Customer engagement and retention are essential for the long-term growth and sustainability of e-commerce businesses. By focusing on building lasting relationships with customers, businesses can weather economic downturns, changes in market conditions, and fluctuations in consumer behaviour. A loyal customer base provides a solid foundation for continued growth and success in the competitive e-commerce landscape.

 

Q9) Differentiate between the following:


Q9a) Digital Signature and Electronic Signature.

Ans) Comparison between highlighting the key differences among Digital Signature and Electronic Signature:

Q9b) IT Act 2000 and IT (Amendment) Act 2008.

Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences Among IT Act 2000 and IT (Amendment) Act 2008:

Q10) What are E-services? What are the various advantages of E-services?

Ans) E-services, also known as electronic services, refer to the delivery of services through electronic channels such as the internet, mobile apps, and digital platforms. These services are typically provided online and can range from simple tasks like online shopping and banking to more complex activities like telemedicine, online education, and government services. E-services leverage digital technologies to streamline processes, enhance accessibility, and improve efficiency for both service providers and users.

 

Advantages of E-services

a)     Convenience: E-services offer unparalleled convenience as users can access and utilize services anytime, anywhere, without the need to visit physical locations. This convenience is particularly beneficial for individuals with busy schedules or those who prefer to manage tasks and transactions remotely.

b)     Accessibility: E-services enhance accessibility by eliminating geographical barriers and making services available to users regardless of their location. This accessibility is crucial for individuals in remote areas, people with disabilities, or those who may have difficulty accessing traditional service delivery channels.

c)     Time-saving: By enabling users to perform tasks and transactions online, e-services save time for both service providers and users. Processes that would typically require in-person visits or manual paperwork can be completed quickly and efficiently with just a few clicks or taps on a digital device.

d)     Cost-effectiveness: E-services often result in cost savings for both service providers and users. Service providers can reduce overhead costs associated with physical infrastructure, staffing, and administrative expenses. Meanwhile, users can save on transportation costs, parking fees, and time spent traveling to physical locations.

e)     Enhanced efficiency: Digital technologies streamline processes, automate tasks, and reduce manual intervention, leading to improved efficiency in service delivery. Processes that were previously time-consuming and labour-intensive can now be completed faster and with greater accuracy, benefiting both service providers and users.

f)      Personalization: E-services can be customized and personalized to meet the unique needs and preferences of individual users. Through data analytics and user profiling, service providers can deliver personalized recommendations, tailored content, and targeted promotions, enhancing the user experience and driving engagement.

g)     Greater choice and flexibility: E-services offer users a wider range of options and flexibility in accessing and utilizing services. Users can choose from multiple service providers, compare products or offerings, and select the most suitable option based on their preferences, budget, and requirements.

h)     Real-time access to information: E-services provide users with real-time access to information, updates, and notifications related to their transactions or interactions. This real-time access ensures transparency, enhances communication, and enables users to stay informed throughout the service delivery process.

 

 

Section – C

 

Q11) State the evolution of E-governance with the help of Gartner’s model.

Ans) Gartner's model of e-governance evolution outlines the stages through which government organizations progress in adopting and implementing electronic governance initiatives.


The model consists of four stages: Web presence, Interaction, Transaction, and Transformation. Let's explore each stage:

a)     Web Presence: In this initial stage, government organizations establish a basic online presence by creating websites to provide information about government services, policies, programs, and contact details. The focus is on delivering static content in a one-way communication manner, where citizens can access information but cannot interact or transact with the government. Websites serve as electronic brochures, offering basic information to the public.

b)     Interaction: In the interaction stage, government organizations enhance their online presence by enabling two-way communication between citizens and government agencies. This involves the implementation of interactive features such as contact forms, email inquiries, and online feedback mechanisms. Citizens can engage with government officials, submit queries, provide feedback, and participate in online discussions. The goal is to improve communication channels and foster greater citizen engagement.

c)     Transaction: The transaction stage represents a significant advancement in e-governance, where government organizations enable online transactions and service delivery. This involves implementing e-government portals and digital platforms that allow citizens to complete transactions, apply for services, make payments, and access government resources online. Examples of transactional services include online tax filing, vehicle registration, permit applications, and bill payments. The focus is on streamlining processes, reducing paperwork, and enhancing convenience for citizens.

d)     Transformation: The transformation stage represents the highest level of e-governance maturity, where government organizations undergo a fundamental transformation in their operations, service delivery, and governance processes. This involves leveraging advanced technologies such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation to optimize service delivery, enhance efficiency, and improve decision-making. Government agencies adopt a citizen-centric approach, focusing on delivering personalized services, anticipating citizen needs, and fostering innovation in governance practices. The transformation stage represents a shift towards digital government, where technology-driven initiatives drive organizational change and citizen empowerment.

 

Q12) What are the various ingredients required for making a website?

Ans) Creating a website involves several essential ingredients to ensure its functionality, usability, and effectiveness.


Various components required for making a website: 

a)     Domain Name: A domain name is the unique web address that users type into their browsers to access your website. It serves as the online identity of your website (e.g., www.example.com).

b)     Web Hosting: Web hosting is a service that stores your website's files and makes them accessible to users on the internet. It provides the server infrastructure and resources needed to host your website's content, images, and files.

c)     Website Design: Website design encompasses the visual layout, structure, and user interface of your website. This includes choosing a suitable design template or theme, arranging content elements, and ensuring a user-friendly navigation experience.

d)     Content Management System (CMS): A CMS is a software platform that allows you to create, manage, and publish content on your website without requiring technical expertise. Popular CMS platforms include WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal.

e)     HTML/CSS: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are the fundamental languages used to create the structure and style of web pages. HTML defines the content and structure, while CSS controls the visual presentation and layout.

f)      JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic behaviour to web pages. It is commonly used for implementing features such as animations, form validation, and interactive elements.

g)     Responsive Design: Responsive design ensures that your website adapts and displays properly across various devices and screen sizes, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. It improves user experience and accessibility.

h)     Images and Multimedia: Images, videos, and multimedia elements enhance the visual appeal and engagement of your website. It's essential to optimize these assets for web use to ensure fast loading times and optimal performance.

i)       SEO (Search Engine Optimization): SEO involves optimizing your website's content, structure, and metadata to improve its visibility and ranking in search engine results. This includes keyword research, on-page optimization, and link building.

j)       Analytics: Analytics tools such as Google Analytics provide insights into your website's performance, traffic sources, user behaviour, and engagement metrics. Monitoring analytics helps you track your website's success and make informed decisions for improvement.

k)     Security: Implementing security measures such as SSL certificates, firewalls, and regular updates protects your website from cyber threats and ensures the safety of user data.

 

Q13) What are cybercrimes? State various types of cyber-crimes occurring these days.

Ans) Cybercrimes refer to criminal activities that are committed using digital technologies and the internet. These crimes target individuals, organizations, or governments and exploit vulnerabilities in digital systems and networks for malicious purposes. Cybercrimes can have significant financial, reputational, and legal consequences for victims, and they continue to evolve as technology advances.


Various types of cybercrimes occurring these days: 

a)     Phishing: Phishing is a form of cybercrime where attackers use deceptive emails, websites, or messages to trick individuals into providing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or financial details. Phishing attacks often masquerade as legitimate entities or organizations and aim to steal personal or financial information for fraudulent purposes.

b)     Malware: Malware, short for malicious software, refers to software programs designed to infiltrate, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Common types of malware include viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware attacks can compromise data integrity, disrupt operations, and extort victims for financial gain.

c)     Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts files or systems and demands payment (usually in cryptocurrency) from the victim to decrypt and regain access to their data. Ransomware attacks often target businesses, government agencies, and critical infrastructure, causing significant financial losses and operational disruptions.

d)     Identity Theft: Identity theft involves stealing personal information such as social security numbers, credit card numbers, or other identifiers to impersonate individuals or commit fraud. Cybercriminals use stolen identities to make unauthorized purchases, open fraudulent accounts, or conduct illegal activities, causing financial harm and damage to victims' reputations.

e)     Data Breaches: Data breaches occur when unauthorized individuals or hackers gain access to sensitive information stored in databases or systems. These breaches can expose personal, financial, or proprietary data of individuals, businesses, or organizations, leading to privacy violations, financial losses, and legal liabilities.

f)      Cyber Extortion: Cyber extortion involves threatening individuals or organizations with the release of sensitive information, disruption of services, or damage to systems unless a ransom is paid. Extortionists leverage tactics such as distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, doxxing, or threats of public exposure to coerce victims into paying ransom.

g)     Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital communication platforms such as social media, messaging apps, or online forums to harass, intimidate, or humiliate individuals. Cyberbullies may spread rumours, post derogatory comments, or share embarrassing photos or videos with the intent to harm their victims emotionally or psychologically.

 

Q14) Give the brief of E-tailing trends in India.

Ans) E-tailing, or electronic retailing, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services through online platforms or websites. In India, e-tailing has witnessed significant growth and evolution in recent years, driven by factors such as increasing internet penetration, rising smartphone adoption, growing digital literacy, and changing consumer preferences. Here are some key trends shaping the e-tailing landscape in India:

 

a)     Rapid Growth: E-tailing in India has experienced rapid growth, fuelled by a burgeoning e-commerce ecosystem and the emergence of online marketplaces, such as Flipkart, Amazon, and Myntra. The sector has attracted significant investments from domestic and international players, leading to the expansion of product offerings, improved logistics infrastructure, and enhanced customer experiences.

b)     Mobile Commerce (M-commerce): With the widespread availability of affordable smartphones and mobile internet connectivity, M-commerce has become increasingly prevalent in India. Consumers are increasingly using mobile devices to browse, shop, and make purchases online, driving growth in mobile-based e-tailing platforms and apps.

c)     Rise of Tier 2 and Tier 3 Cities: E-tailing penetration is expanding beyond metro cities to tier 2 and tier 3 cities, driven by increased internet access, rising disposable incomes, and growing awareness of online shopping. E-tailers are tapping into these emerging markets by offering localized content, language support, and region-specific products to cater to the diverse needs and preferences of consumers.

d)     Omni-channel Retailing: Omni-channel retailing, which integrates online and offline channels to provide a seamless shopping experience, is gaining traction in India. E-tailers are investing in brick-and-mortar stores, click-and-mortar models, and partnerships with traditional retailers to offer customers multiple touchpoints for shopping and fulfilment.

e)     Personalization and AI: E-tailers are leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics to personalize the shopping experience and improve customer engagement. AI-powered recommendation engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, and predictive analytics are being used to offer personalized product recommendations, targeted promotions, and responsive customer support.

f)      Focus on Customer Experience: E-tailers are prioritizing customer experience by investing in user-friendly interfaces, fast and reliable delivery, easy payment options, hassle-free returns, and responsive customer service. Positive shopping experiences drive customer loyalty, repeat purchases, and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.

g)     Expansion into New Categories: E-tailers are diversifying their product offerings beyond traditional categories like electronics and fashion to include groceries, home essentials, healthcare products, and beauty items. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of online shopping for essential goods, leading to increased demand for e-tailers to expand into new categories.

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