Assignment Code: BEGC-111/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: BEGC-111

Assignment Name: Women’s Writing

Year: 2023-24

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Section A

Explain the following with reference to the context:

Q1) The Eyes around – had wrung them dry-

And Breaths were gathering firm

For that last Onset – when the King

Be witnessed – in the Room –

Ans) These lines capture a moment of transition, where the speaker is describing the scene as they approach the threshold of death.

"The Eyes around – had wrung them dry-": In this line, the "Eyes around" refer to the people or witnesses who are present as the speaker is nearing death. They have shed tears, suggesting that the impending death is a solemn and emotional moment. The use of "wring them dry" implies that these onlookers have already wept, perhaps in anticipation of the speaker's passing or in response to the realization that death is imminent.

"And Breaths were gathering firm": The people in the room are taking deep breaths and trying to steady themselves. This may be an instinctive response to witnessing a significant or emotional event. The deep breaths could indicate a collective readiness to face what is about to happen.

"For that last Onset – when the King / Be witnessed – in the Room –": This part of the stanza is particularly poignant. The "last Onset" refers to the final moments of the speaker's life. The idea of "the King" being present in the room can be interpreted in several ways. In the context of the poem, "the King" likely represents Death personified. Death is often portrayed as a monarch or a figure of authority in literature. Therefore, the stanza suggests that the moment of death is approaching, and Death, the ultimate ruler, is about to be "witnessed" or encountered in the room.

This stanza is significant in the poem because it marks the culmination of the speaker's journey with Death. Throughout the poem, Death is personified as a courteous, patient, and unobtrusive companion who has been accompanying the speaker on a carriage ride. The poem is an exploration of the inevitable and inescapable nature of death, presented in a calm and reflective manner.

In these lines, the tone becomes more solemn and anticipatory. The "Eyes" that have cried and the collective gathering of breaths indicate the emotional weight of the moment. The presence of Death as a regal figure emphasizes the finality and universality of death as a part of the human experience.

Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for Death" is a contemplative and thought-provoking poem that delves into the nature of mortality and the acceptance of death as an inescapable part of life. The lines capture a pivotal moment in the poem, where the speaker and the reader alike come face to face with the concept of mortality and the presence of Death as a solemn and inevitable force.

Q2) I measure every Grief I meet

With narrow, probing, eyes –

I wonder if It weighs like Mine-

Or has an Easier size

Ans) In these lines, the speaker reflects on her approach to encountering others' grief and the curiosity she feels about the nature of their suffering.

The speaker begins by saying, "I measure every Grief I meet." This line suggests that she carefully observes and assesses the grief she encounters in others. It conveys a sense of attentiveness and sensitivity to the emotions and experiences of people around her.

She goes on to describe her method of measuring grief with "narrow, probing, eyes." This imagery suggests a deep and detailed scrutiny of the grief, as if she is trying to understand its intricacies and nuances. The use of "narrow, probing, eyes" underscores the idea that the speaker is not taking a superficial approach but is delving deeply into the emotions of those she encounters.

The next line, "I wonder if It weighs like Mine," reveals the speaker's sense of self-reflection. She is contemplating whether the grief she observes in others is similar in intensity or weight to her own. This introspection implies that she, too, has experienced grief and understands that the experience can be highly personal and often incomparable.

The final line, "Or has an Easier size," indicates that the speaker is also curious about whether the grief she observes in others might be less burdensome or less intense than her own. The word "Easier" suggests a comparative analysis of grief, as if the speaker is trying to determine if her own suffering is more significant or challenging.

These lines encapsulate the complexities of human empathy, and the way individuals often navigate their interactions with others who are experiencing grief or hardship. The speaker's introspective approach highlights the universal human tendency to seek connection through shared experiences while also acknowledging the uniqueness of individual suffering.

Emily Dickinson's poetry frequently delves into the human psyche and emotions, and in this poem, she provides readers with a glimpse into the speaker's contemplative and empathetic nature. The poem invites readers to consider their own responses to the grief they encounter in others and to reflect on the intricate and often mysterious nature of human emotions.

Q3) The language I speak

Becomes mine, its distortions, its queerness

All mine, mine alone. It is half English, half

Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest,

It is as human as I am human, don’t

You see?

Ans) The poem "An Unknown Girl" by Moniza Alvi, a British-Pakistani poet known for her exploration of cultural identity and the complexities of belonging. In these lines, the speaker reflects on the nature of her language, emphasizing its uniqueness and the connection it has to her identity.

Ownership of Language: The speaker begins by asserting that the language she speaks is a fundamental part of her identity. She claims it as her own, highlighting its personal significance. This notion of ownership is crucial as it underlines the idea that language is not just a tool for communication; it reflects oneself.

Distortions and Queerness: The speaker acknowledges that her language may contain "distortions" and "queerness." This suggests that her language is not the 'standard' or 'pure' form of English, but rather a blend of English and her Indian heritage. The distortions and queerness reflect the linguistic amalgamation that often occurs when someone grows up speaking multiple languages or dialects.

Cultural Hybridity: The reference to the language being "half English, half Indian" underscores the speaker's cultural hybridity. She navigates between two worlds, and her language is a tangible representation of this duality. It is a testament to the complexity of her cultural identity, which is shaped by both her English surroundings and her Indian roots.

Humour and Honesty: The speaker acknowledges that her language may be seen as "funny," possibly because of its unique blend of linguistic elements. However, she defends it by asserting that it is honest. This implies that her language is a genuine reflection of her experiences and identity. It is not about conforming to linguistic norms but about expressing herself authentically.

Human Universality: The speaker's closing question, "It is as human as I am human, don't you see?" highlights the universality of her experience. She is not just talking about her own identity; she is emphasizing that this relationship with language is a part of the broader human experience. People from diverse backgrounds often grapple with their own linguistic blend, and this struggle is intrinsic to being human.

Moniza Alvi's speaker is expressing a deep connection between language and identity. She confronts the notion that a 'pure' or 'standard' language is the only valid form of communication. Instead, she celebrates the uniqueness of her language, rooted in her cultural heritage and personal experiences. Her language is a reflection of her individuality and humanity, serving as a reminder that linguistic diversity is an essential part of the rich tapestry of human existence.

Q4) You need no book, Rasha Sundari

no paper or pen either

you have the black, smudgy kitchen wall

for your magical scribbles

lines, ellipses, curves

all of them your secret codes for

a whole new world.

Ans) The poem suggests that one does not need conventional tools like books, paper, or pens to express themselves or explore their creative potential. Instead, the "black, smudgy kitchen wall" becomes the canvas for these magical scribbles and secret codes that unlock a "whole new world."

"You need no book, Rasha Sundari": The opening line dismisses the traditional notion that creativity and knowledge are confined to books. "Rasha Sundari" is possibly an endearing term, emphasizing that anyone, regardless of their background or education, can tap into their creative side.

"No paper or pen either": The poem reinforces the idea that you do not require formal tools like paper and pen, which are often associated with writing and drawing, to express yourself.

"You have the black, smudgy kitchen wall": The kitchen wall, perhaps an unconventional or unexpected choice, is portrayed as a canvas. Its "black, smudgy" nature might symbolize imperfections or a blank slate, waiting to be transformed.

"For your magical scribbles": The use of "magical" suggests that the act of creating on the wall is enchanting and transformative. It hints at the idea that the creative process itself is a form of magic.

"Lines, ellipses, curves": These are basic shapes, highlighting the simplicity of the creative act. They are the building blocks of more complex forms of expression.

"All of them your secret codes for a whole new world": This line suggests that the seemingly simple scribbles and shapes are actually a form of communication or expression that can lead to the discovery of a "whole new world." In other words, creativity and imagination can open up new realms of understanding and insight.

The poem celebrates the idea that creativity knows no bounds and can be found in the most unexpected places. It encourages us to embrace our creative impulses, no matter how unconventional, and underscores the transformative power of imagination. The "secret codes" hint at the idea that everyone’s creativity is unique and can lead to a personal journey of self-discovery and innovation.

Section B

Q5) What are the issues that Mary Wollstonecraft touches upon?

Ans) Mary Wollstonecraft, an influential 18th-century philosopher and writer, is known for her pioneering work in the fields of feminism and human rights. In her writings, she addressed a wide range of issues related to gender inequality, education, and the rights of women.

a)     Women's Rights and Equality: The central theme in Wollstonecraft's work is the demand for equal rights and opportunities for women. She argued that women should have the same fundamental rights as men, including the right to education, property, and participation in politics.

b)     Education for Women: Wollstonecraft was a strong advocate for women's education. She believed that women should receive the same quality and breadth of education as men, which was a radical idea in her time. She argued that educating women would empower them to be better mothers and more active participants in society.

c)     Gender Stereotypes and Social Norms: Wollstonecraft critiqued the rigid gender roles and stereotypes that limited women's potential. She argued that these societal expectations oppressed women, preventing them from realizing their full capabilities.

d)     Marriage and Family: Wollstonecraft wrote about the inequalities and injustices that women faced within marriage, particularly in a society where women often had limited legal rights and were financially dependent on their husbands. She called for more equitable and respectful relationships between spouses.

e)     Sexuality and Reproductive Rights: She was one of the early proponents of women's sexual autonomy and reproductive rights. She believed that women should have control over their own bodies and reproductive choices.

f)      Social and Political Participation: Wollstonecraft argued that women should have the right to participate in political and social life. She saw political rights as essential for women to have a say in shaping the laws and policies that affected them.

g)     Religion and Morality: In her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," Wollstonecraft discussed the influence of religion and morality on the subjugation of women. She urged for a more rational and equitable understanding of these forces.

h)     Class and Economic Inequality: While her primary focus was on gender issues, Wollstonecraft also acknowledged the intersecting issues of class and economic inequality. She recognized that working-class women faced additional challenges in attaining equality.

i)       Nationalism and Human Rights: In her later work, "An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution," she explored broader themes of nationalism and the concept of universal human rights. Her ideas contributed to the intellectual underpinnings of modern human rights movements.

Mary Wollstonecraft's writings laid the groundwork for the feminist movement that would gain momentum in the 19th and 20th centuries. Her fearless critiques of the societal norms and her demand for women's rights and education have left a legacy, making her a foundational figure in the history of feminism and human rights.

Q6) Comment on the changed perspective in Chandrabhati’s Ramayana.

Ans) Chandrabhāṭṭa's "Ramayana" is an influential retelling of the classic Indian epic, the "Ramayana." It is noteworthy for the unique perspective it brings to the well-known story of Lord Rama, Sita, and the various characters and events that populate the epic. This perspective is characterized by a more humanistic approach, nuanced character development, and subtle critiques of certain aspects of the traditional narrative.

a)     Humanization of Characters: Chandrabhāṭṭa delves into the complexity of the characters in the "Ramayana," particularly Rama and Sita. He portrays them as deeply human figures with emotions, flaws, and dilemmas. Rama, in Chandrabhāṭṭa's narrative, experiences inner conflict, doubt, and sorrow. This makes him more relatable, moving away from the conventional portrayal of Rama as an infallible deity.

b)     Sita's Agency: In contrast to the traditional "Ramayana," where Sita is often depicted as a passive and obedient wife, Chandrabhāṭṭa's Sita exhibits more agency. She questions Rama's actions, articulates her own feelings and thoughts, and asserts her independence at various points in the narrative.

c)     Focus on Ethical Dilemmas: Chandrabhāṭṭa's "Ramayana" explores the ethical dilemmas faced by the characters. Rama, for instance, struggles with his duty as a king and husband, highlighting the complexities of morality and responsibility. This shift from a black-and-white portrayal to a more morally ambiguous one adds depth to the story.

d)     Emphasis on Emotional Resonance: Chandrabhāṭṭa emphasizes the emotional aspects of the narrative. He delves into the pain of separation between Rama and Sita during her abduction and the subsequent search. This emphasis on emotional depth helps readers connect more deeply with the characters' experiences.

e)     Reworked Endings: Chandrabhāṭṭa introduces variations in the endings of certain episodes. For example, in his version of the "Lanka Kanda," Sita tests her purity through the trial by fire not once but thrice, emphasizing her purity and chastity. This alteration in the narrative reflects a different perspective on Sita's character and the societal expectations of the time.

f)      Depiction of Female Characters: Chandrabhāṭṭa's "Ramayana" provides a more rounded portrayal of female characters. Kaikeyi, for instance, is portrayed with greater sympathy and understanding, making her motivations and actions more comprehensible.

g)     Cultural and Regional Influence: Chandrabhāṭṭa's "Ramayana" is influenced by the culture and regional perspectives of his time. It incorporates local customs, idioms, and beliefs, making it more relevant and relatable to the people of his region.

h)     Critical Evaluation of Tradition: Chandrabhāṭṭa's retelling subtly critiques certain aspects of the traditional "Ramayana." He challenges elements of patriarchy, blind obedience, and societal norms, advocating for a more compassionate and just society.

i)       Narrative Style: Chandrabhāṭṭa's style of storytelling is also distinct. His use of poetic and lyrical language adds a different dimension to the "Ramayana" narrative, making it more engaging and evocative.

Chandrabhāṭṭa's "Ramayana" stands as a significant departure from the traditional narrative by offering a more nuanced, humanistic, and emotionally resonant perspective. This reimagining of the epic challenges long-held beliefs and offers readers a fresh interpretation of the timeless story of Rama, Sita, and their journey.

Q7) How does Ambai critique patriarchy in her story?

Ans) Ambai, the pen name of Dr. C.S. Lakshmi, is a renowned Indian feminist writer who has made significant contributions to literature through her short stories, novels, and essays. In her works, Ambai consistently critiques and challenges patriarchy, shedding light on the injustices and inequalities that women face.

a)     Complex Female Characters: Ambai's stories often feature multifaceted female characters who defy traditional stereotypes. These women are not one-dimensional; they have their own desires, aspirations, and inner conflicts. By portraying women as fully realized individuals, Ambai challenges the limited and often reductive roles assigned to them by patriarchy.

b)     Exploration of Female Subjectivity: Ambai delves into the inner worlds of her female characters. She explores their thoughts, emotions, and experiences, giving voice to the often-marginalized female subjectivity. This provides a counter-narrative to the patriarchal perspective that has dominated literature for centuries.

c)     Critique of Gender Roles: Ambai's stories critically examine the restrictive gender roles that society imposes on women. She questions the expectations of women as obedient daughters, wives, and mothers, often highlighting the limitations and conflicts these roles create.

d)     Sexual Autonomy and Agency: In some of her stories, Ambai addresses issues of sexual autonomy and consent. She portrays women who assert their sexual agency, challenging the traditional notion that women should be passive in matters of sexuality.

e)     Intersectionality: Ambai's stories often explore how patriarchy interacts with other systems of oppression, such as class and caste. She highlights the additional challenges faced by marginalized women and the complex interplay of various forms of discrimination.

f)      Mother-Daughter Relationships: Many of Ambai's stories revolve around mother-daughter relationships. She dissects the generational transmission of patriarchal norms and how older women, despite their own struggles, may perpetuate these norms in their daughters. This critique calls attention to the need for intergenerational change.

g)     Folklore and Mythology: Ambai frequently draws from Indian folklore and mythology to deconstruct traditional narratives that have perpetuated patriarchal values. She reimagines these stories from a feminist perspective, often centering on the experiences and perspectives of female characters who have been sidelined in the original tales.

h)     Social and Cultural Norms: Ambai's stories critique the cultural and social norms that perpetuate patriarchy, whether through rituals, customs, or expectations. She questions why certain practices persist and challenges the status quo.

i)       Language and Narrative Style: Ambai's use of language and narrative style itself can be seen as a form of critique. She employs evocative, poetic prose that challenges conventional storytelling and reflects the diverse and intricate experiences of women.

j)       Intersection of Personal and Political: Ambai's narratives often intertwine personal stories with broader political and social issues. This intersection highlights how patriarchy affects women's everyday lives and the urgent need for social change.

Ambai's critique of patriarchy in her stories is multifaceted and nuanced. She challenges not only the overt manifestations of gender inequality but also the deep-rooted cultural and societal norms that perpetuate it. Through her storytelling, Ambai contributes to the broader feminist discourse, encouraging readers to reflect on and question the patriarchal structures that continue to shape our world.

Q8) Can The Yellow Wallpaper be described as self-confessional literature? Elaborate.

Ans) Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is often considered a seminal work in feminist literature. While it does not fit neatly into the category of self-confessional literature, it contains elements of self-disclosure and autobiographical influence.

a)     Autobiographical Elements: "The Yellow Wallpaper" draws from Charlotte Perkins Gilman's own experiences. Like the story's protagonist, the narrator of the text, Gilman herself suffered from postpartum depression and was prescribed the "rest cure" by her physician, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. This similarity between the author's life and the narrator's experiences provides a basis for considering the work as self-confessional.

b)     First-Person Narrative: The story is narrated in the first person, with the protagonist offering a detailed, personal account of her experiences. This narrative style allows readers to access the character's inner thoughts and emotions, making the story highly personal and confessional in tone.

c)     Exploration of Mental Health: Gilman uses the story to discuss the mental health struggles she faced. The narrator's descent into madness and her obsession with the room's yellow wallpaper parallel Gilman's own struggles with depression and her frustrations with the prescribed rest cure. This exploration can be seen as a form of self-disclosure, where the author exposes her own emotional turmoil.

d)     Catharsis and Advocacy: "The Yellow Wallpaper" is often viewed as a form of catharsis for Gilman. By authoring the story, she was able to articulate her own experiences and feelings, which had been repressed by the treatment she received. In this sense, the work can be considered a form of self-disclosure, where the author uses her writing as a means of emotional release and expression.

e)     Feminist Commentary: Gilman's work is deeply rooted in her feminist beliefs, and she uses the story to critique the patriarchal norms and medical practices of her time. While the story primarily focuses on the protagonist's experiences, it can also be seen as a broader, feminist confession of the oppressive nature of 19th-century gender roles and medical treatment of women.

There are some factors that may argue against classifying "The Yellow Wallpaper" as self-confessional literature:

a)     Fictionalization: While Gilman's own experiences with postpartum depression and the rest cure influenced the story, she deliberately fictionalized the narrative to convey her message effectively. The story is not a straightforward autobiographical account but rather a fictionalized narrative that serves as a vehicle for her critique of patriarchy and mental health treatment.

b)     Artistic and Symbolic Elements: "The Yellow Wallpaper" incorporates numerous artistic and symbolic elements. The yellow wallpaper itself is a symbol of the narrator's descent into madness, and the story is laden with metaphors and allegorical meanings. These elements move the story beyond a straightforward confession of personal experiences.

c)     Broader Social Commentary: While the story reflects Gilman's personal experiences, it is primarily a critique of societal issues. It highlights the broader oppression of women in the 19th century, the medical mistreatment of women, and the impact of gender roles on women's mental health.

Section C

Q9) How does Sunlight on a Broken Column reflect the society of that time and place?

Ans) Sunlight on a Broken Column" by Attia Hosain is a powerful novel that provides a poignant reflection of the society in India during the pre-independence and post-independence era. Set in the early 20th century, the novel offers a rich portrayal of the social, cultural, and political milieu of that time and place.

a)     Caste and Class Hierarchies: The novel vividly illustrates the complex caste and class structures of Indian society. The main characters, the Muslim Siddiqui family, belong to a highly respected landowning class, but they still grapple with the deeply entrenched caste system, where untouchables are considered impure and are subjected to discrimination. The hierarchies are palpable in the interactions between different characters, especially during social and religious gatherings.

b)     Gender Roles and Patriarchy: The novel exposes the traditional gender roles and patriarchal norms that dominated Indian society during this period. It follows the story of Laila, the protagonist, as she navigates societal expectations of womanhood and marriage. Her struggle for independence and her ambition to pursue education defy the established norms of the time.

c)     Women's Rights and Education: "Sunlight on a Broken Column" also reflects the limited opportunities for women in pre-independence India. Laila's desire for education is met with resistance from her family, who believe that a woman's place is in the home. Her journey is emblematic of the broader struggle for women's rights and access to education in a male-dominated society.

d)     Religious and Communal Tensions: The novel highlights the religious and communal tensions that were simmering in Indian society during this period. The characters grapple with their Muslim identity in a Hindu society, and the communal riots that occur serve as a backdrop to the story. The novel underscores the complexities and challenges of living in a society marked by religious and communal divisions.

e)     Anti-Colonial Sentiment: Set against the backdrop of the Indian freedom struggle, the novel reflects the anti-colonial sentiment that was sweeping through India. The characters engage in discussions about the British colonial rule and the need for independence. The story provides a glimpse into the political consciousness of the time and the desire for self-determination.

f)      Tradition vs. Modernity: The tension between tradition and modernity is a central theme in the novel. Laila represents the younger generation's aspiration for a more modern, progressive India, while her family members, particularly her grandfather, hold on to traditional values and customs. This dichotomy reflects the broader societal shift occurring in India during the early 20th century.

g)     Family Dynamics: The novel delves into the intricacies of family relationships in Indian society. The Siddiqui family's dynamics are reflective of the extended family structure prevalent at the time, with multiple generations living together under one roof. This setting allows for the exploration of generational conflicts and the ways in which family bonds are tested and, at times, strained.

h)     Economic Disparities: The novel also underscores the economic disparities within Indian society. While the Siddiqui family is part of the landowning class, the plight of the laborers working on their fields is presented as a stark contrast. Economic inequalities are further heightened by the colonial system, which favoured the British and a small Indian elite.

i)       The Role of Women in the Nationalist Movement: The novel touches upon the involvement of women in the Indian nationalist movement. Laila's cousin, Tasneem, is a fervent nationalist, and her character represents the active participation of women in the fight for independence, challenging gender norms in the process.

j)       Interpersonal Relationships: The novel explores the complexities of interpersonal relationships in a society marked by social hierarchies and strict gender roles. The characters grapple with issues of love, marriage, and familial obligations, often in the face of societal expectations.

"Sunlight on a Broken Column" by Attia Hosain serves as a powerful reflection of Indian society during the early 20th century. It paints a vivid portrait of the social, cultural, and political landscape of the time, encompassing issues such as caste and class hierarchies, gender roles, religious tensions, the freedom struggle, and the clash between tradition and modernity. Through its characters and their experiences, the novel provides a multi-faceted view of the challenges and transformations that marked Indian society in the lead-up to and aftermath of independence.

Q10) What do you think women’s writing seeks to express?

Ans) Women's writing, often associated with feminist literature, seeks to express a diverse range of themes, experiences, and perspectives that are unique to women. This genre of literature has evolved over time, reflecting changing societal attitudes and women's roles.

a)     Gender Inequality and Patriarchy: Women's writing often addresses the pervasive issue of gender inequality and the dominance of patriarchy in society. It seeks to shed light on the systemic discrimination and oppression that women face in various aspects of their lives, from education and employment to domestic roles and political representation.

b)     Identity and Self-Discovery: Many women writers explore the theme of identity and self-discovery, reflecting on their roles as daughters, mothers, partners, and individuals. They often seek to express the challenges and conflicts that arise when navigating these different facets of identity.

c)     Female Friendships and Solidarity: Women's writing frequently celebrates the importance of female friendships and solidarity. It highlights the emotional and supportive bonds that women form with one another and emphasizes the significance of these relationships in their lives.

d)     Sexuality and Body Image: Women's writing openly discusses issues related to sexuality, body image, and the societal pressure to conform to unrealistic beauty standards. It challenges norms and promotes acceptance and empowerment regarding one's own body and desires.

e)     Motherhood and Parenting: Many women writers explore the complexities of motherhood and parenting. They address the joys, challenges, and expectations associated with mothering and caregiving, offering a nuanced perspective on this central aspect of many women's lives.

f)      Intersectionality: Women's writing often incorporates the concept of intersectionality, recognizing that women's experiences are influenced by multiple factors, including race, class, sexuality, and ability. It seeks to express the unique challenges and discrimination faced by women with intersecting identities.

g)     Violence Against Women: Addressing the pervasive issue of violence against women is a prominent theme in women's writing. It seeks to shed light on domestic violence, sexual assault, human trafficking, and other forms of violence, advocating for social change and justice.

h)     Sexual Harassment and Assault: Women's writing often provides a platform for women to share their experiences of sexual harassment and assault. It aims to expose the prevalence of these issues and challenge the culture of silence and victim-blaming.

i)       Feminist Activism and Advocacy: Many women writers are also activists who use their writing to advocate for gender equality and women's rights. Their work seeks to inspire change and motivate readers to become advocates themselves.

j)       Female Empowerment and Resilience: Women's writing frequently celebrates the strength and resilience of women. It seeks to inspire and empower women to overcome societal obstacles, find their voices, and assert their rights.

k)     Challenging Stereotypes: Women's writing often challenges stereotypes and misconceptions about women. It provides a platform to break free from limiting expectations and highlight the diversity of women's experiences and capabilities.

l)       Reclaiming Narrative Authority: Women's writing can be seen as a means of reclaiming narrative authority. Historically, women's voices and stories were often suppressed or overshadowed by male perspectives. Women's writing empowers women to tell their own stories on their own terms.

m)   Cultural and Historical Perspectives: Women's writing explores the cultural and historical perspectives of women. It delves into the traditions, customs, and experiences of women from various cultural backgrounds, providing a richer and more nuanced understanding of diverse women's lives.

n) Mental Health and Well-being: Women's writing addresses issues related to mental health, acknowledging the emotional and psychological challenges women face. It seeks to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health and encourage women to seek support and treatment.