Assignment Code: BPAC-134/ASST /TMA / July 2023 & January 2024

Course Code: BPAC-134

Assignment Name: Administrative System at State and District Levels

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment A

Answer the following questions in about 500 words each.

Q1) Distinguish between the Secretariat and Executive department.

Ans) The difference between the secretariat and executive department:

Q2) Examine the administrative relations between State and Local Government.

Ans) One of the most important aspects of governance is the administrative relationship that exists between the state and the local government. This relationship has ramifications for the provision of public services, the distribution of resources, and democratic representation. Legal frameworks, historical trends, and the larger political and administrative backdrop all contribute to the formation of these linkages.

Legal Framework:

Different jurisdictions have different legal institutions that serve as the basis for the administrative relationships that exist between the state and local governments. In federal systems like the United States and India, constitutional provisions define the powers and responsibilities of both levels of government. These provisions often emphasize local autonomy within the framework of national or state laws.

Decentralization and Local Autonomy:

There is a correlation between the degree of decentralisation and the administrative relations that exist. Local governments have a substantial amount of autonomy in terms of decision-making, resource allocation, and service provision under systems that have a high level of decentralisation. The ability to respond more effectively to the specific requirements of their communities is made possible by the autonomy that local governments possess.

Resource Allocation and Fiscal Federalism:

A critical aspect of administrative relations is the allocation of resources. Local governments are often dependent on the state for financial resources. Fiscal federalism models determine how revenue is distributed between the state and local levels. States may allocate funds based on population, specific needs, or a combination of factors.

Intergovernmental Transfers:

Financial relations between the state and local government often involve intergovernmental transfers. These transfers can take the form of grants, shared taxes, or subsidies. The purpose is to ensure that local governments have adequate resources to fulfil their responsibilities, particularly in areas such as education, health, and infrastructure.

Administrative Coordination:

Collaboration and coordination are essential for effective governance. Administrative relations involve mechanisms for cooperation between state and local entities. Joint planning, regular meetings, and intergovernmental committees facilitate coordination, ensuring that policies and programs align with broader objectives.

Local Representation and Democracy:

Local governments serve as a crucial tier of democratic governance. They provide representation at the grassroots level, allowing citizens to participate directly in decision-making processes. Administrative relations should support and enhance local democratic institutions, ensuring that they are accountable and responsive to the needs of the community.

Policy Implementation:

States play a role in overseeing the implementation of policies at the local level. Administrative relations involve monitoring and evaluation to assess the effectiveness of programs. State agencies may provide technical assistance, guidelines, and capacity-building support to local governments.

Challenges in Administrative Relations:

Challenges in administrative relations can arise due to factors such as bureaucratic hurdles, political differences, and conflicting priorities. Issues related to inadequate resources, unclear mandates, and power imbalances can strain the relationship between the state and local government.

Evolving Nature of Relations:

Administrative relations are not static; they evolve over time based on societal changes, political dynamics, and administrative reforms. Efforts to strengthen local governance and promote citizen engagement may lead to shifts in administrative relations.

Assignment B

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

Q3) Highlight the system of district administration during British period.

Ans) The district administration during the British period played a pivotal role in the governance structure of India, reflecting the colonial objectives of revenue collection, law enforcement, and political control. The British implemented a system that aimed to serve imperial interests while adapting to local conditions.

Centralized Governance: The British introduced a highly centralized administrative system, concentrating significant powers in the hands of the district officer. This officer, often a District Collector, acted as the chief representative of the British government at the local level.

Revenue Collection: The primary focus of the district administration was revenue realization. The land revenue system, introduced by the British, became a crucial component of district administration. The District Collector played a central role in land revenue assessment and collection.

Law and Order: Maintenance of law and order was another key function. The district administration served as an enforcement arm, ensuring the implementation of British laws. The District Collector had magisterial powers and could adjudicate over legal matters.

Bureaucratic Structure: The bureaucratic hierarchy was well-defined, with officers like the District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and Tehsildar operating within the district. This bureaucratic setup facilitated efficient control and implementation of policies.

Resistance to Political Activities: The district administration was designed to resist political activities and pressures. The British were wary of potential uprisings or dissent, and the district officer often acted as a guardian of colonial interests, suppressing any form of political opposition.

Local Modifications: While the British implemented a centralized structure, there were local modifications based on the specific needs of different regions. The larger objective, however, remained the consolidation of imperial authority.

Q4) Discuss the composition of State Finance Commission.

Ans) The constitutional State Finance Commission (SFC) in India recommends state government-local body financial allocations.

Appointment Process:

SFCs are appointed every five years or by the Governor. Governor announces SFC creation, and Chairman and members take office.

Number of Members:

The composition of the SFC includes a Chairman and a specific number of members, which can vary among states. Some states legislate the specific strength of the SFC through state laws.

Qualifications:

State laws may set Chairman and member qualifications. These qualifications frequently involve financial, economic, or public affairs skills, ensuring members bring relevant knowledge to their responsibilities.

Disqualification Criteria:

There are specific disqualification criteria to ensure that individuals appointed to the SFC maintain integrity and impartiality. Disqualification factors may include unsoundness of mind, insolvency, conviction for offenses involving moral turpitude, or having financial or other interests that could compromise their functions.

Term of Office:

Members of the SFC hold office for a specified period, as determined by the Governor's order. Members are usually eligible for reappointment, and they can resign from their positions by addressing a letter to the Governor.

Conditions of Service:

The SFC members may render either whole-time or part-time service, as specified by the Governor. The remuneration, including fees, salaries, and allowances, is determined by the State Government and may be subject to periodic revisions.

Governor's Oversight:

The Governor plays a crucial role in scrutinizing appointments, ensuring that appointees have no conflicting interests that could adversely affect their functions. The Governor may also periodically review the performance and conduct of the SFC members during their tenure.

Q5) Describe the evolution, need and significance of Lokayukta.

Ans) The Lokayukta, an ombudsman institution, has evolved as a crucial component in the governance framework of several states in India. The need for Lokayukta arose from concerns about corruption, maladministration, and a lack of accountability within government bodies. The evolution of Lokayukta can be traced to its conceptualization in Scandinavian countries, particularly Sweden, where the Ombudsman was introduced in 1809 to safeguard citizens against maladministration.

In India, the need for an institution like Lokayukta became apparent as corruption and malpractices posed significant challenges to good governance. The first Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) recommended the establishment of Lokpal and Lokayukta, drawing inspiration from the Ombudsman model. The primary purpose was to create an independent body that could investigate allegations of corruption and maladministration against public officials and bring transparency to government functioning.

The significance of Lokayukta lies in its role as an anti-corruption watchdog with the power to inquire into complaints against public servants. It acts as a mechanism for citizens to voice their grievances and seek redressal against administrative misconduct. By holding public officials accountable for their actions, Lokayukta contributes to fostering transparency, integrity, and ethical conduct within the government machinery.

The Lokayukta's evolution reflects a commitment to strengthening democratic institutions and upholding principles of good governance. As an independent and impartial body, Lokayukta plays a vital role in promoting accountability and maintaining the integrity of public administration. Over the years, it has become an essential part of India's governance structure, embodying the nation's commitment to combating corruption and ensuring justice for its citizens.

Assignment C

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

Q6) Highlight the powers and functions of the Councils of Ministers.

Ans) The Council of Ministers in a parliamentary system holds significant powers and functions, including:

a)     Policy Formulation: The council collectively contributes to the formulation of policies and decision-making.

b)     Executive Authority: It executes and implements laws and policies.

c)     Advisory Role: Ministers provide advice to the head of state, often the Prime Minister, on various matters.

d)     Legislation: The council participates in the legislative process, introducing bills and participating in debates.

e)     Representative Role: Ministers represent the government at various levels, both nationally and internationally.

f)      Departmental Control: Ministers oversee specific government departments, ensuring effective administration.

g)     Crisis Management: During emergencies, the council handles crisis situations and decision-making.

Q7) What do you mean by All India Services?

Ans) All India Services (AIS) refer to elite civil services in India that operate at the national level and serve both the Union Government and the individual states. The three primary All India Services are the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFoS). Members of AIS are recruited through a rigorous competitive examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). These officers are responsible for key administrative, police, and forest management roles, ensuring uniformity and high standards of governance across the country. The AIS officers can be posted to any state or central government position based on the need.

Q8) Discuss the role of election tribunal.

Ans) In the process of resolving disputes that are associated with electoral concerns, election tribunals play an essential role. In order to make decisions regarding election-related matters, such as charges of electoral malpractices, disagreements over election results, or violations of electoral rules, several quasi-judicial entities have been established.

Their job is to make sure that the voting procedures are honest and open to public scrutiny. Election tribunals offer a channel through which individuals or parties that feel wronged can seek legal remedies and have their complaints resolved. It is the rulings of these tribunals that contribute to the safeguarding of the integrity of the electoral system and the maintenance of public confidence in the democratic process.

Q9) Write a short note on Gram Nyayalayas.

Ans) The Gram Nyayalayas are local village courts in India that were founded with the purpose of providing justice at the grassroots level that is both accessible and prompt. As a result of the Gram Nyayalayas Act of 2008, these courts were established with the purpose of resolving civil and criminal issues, with a particular emphasis on disagreements that are of a local origin.

The decentralisation of the justice delivery system is facilitated by them, which in turn makes judicial procedures more economical and accessible to communities located in rural areas. Gram Nyayalayas are extremely important in terms of their role in building a sense of justice and encouraging legal awareness among local communities. This helps achieve the goal of equal access to the country's legal system.

Q10) Enumerate the powers and functions of Zila Parishad.

Ans) Zila Parishad, a key rural local government body in India, holds significant powers and functions:

a)     Planning and Development: Formulating plans for economic development and social justice at the district level.

b)     Implementation of Schemes: Executing government development programs and schemes in rural areas.

c)     Financial Control: Managing and disbursing funds for various local development projects.

d)     Resource Mobilization: Mobilizing resources for local development through various means.

e)     Infrastructure Development: Overseeing the creation and maintenance of essential rural infrastructure.

f)      Social Justice: Addressing issues related to social justice and inclusive development.

g)     Coordination: Coordinating with Panchayat Samitis and Village Panchayats for effective governance.