Assignment Code: Asst /TMA /2023-24

Course Code: BPCG-172

Assignment Name: Youth, Gender and Identity

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment One

Answer the following descriptive category questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

Q1) Define identity. Discuss the theories of identity.

Ans) Identity is a term that describes the sense of self that an individual possesses, which encompasses their ideas, values, experiences, and roles that come together to form who they are. Personality refers to the way in which an individual perceives themselves and how others perceive them, which in turn influences behaviours, goals, and connections.

Several theories shed light on the development and understanding of identity:

a)     Psychosocial Theory (Erik Erikson): Erikson put up a theory of psychosocial development that emphasised the significance of identity creation as a stage in the aforementioned process. In his description of the adolescent stage, he referred to identity versus role uncertainty as a stage in which individuals explore multiple roles in order to develop a coherent identity. Finding a solution that works leads to a more stable understanding of who you are.

b)     Social Identity Theory (Henri Tajfel): One of the most important aspects of identity, according to this idea, is membership in a group. Individuals classify themselves into social groups, and their identities are formed based on their membership in those groups as well as comparisons with other different groups.

c)     Self-Categorization Theory (John Turner): Self-Categorization Theory is an extension of Social Identity Theory that proposes individuals define themselves not only through their personal identities but also through the identities they have gained through their participation in groups. People classify themselves into a variety of categories according to the circumstances that are relevant to them.

d)     Identity Status Theory (James Marcia): There are four different identity statuses that Marcia defined depending on her exploration and dedication to her identity. Identity accomplishment (high exploration and high commitment), identity foreclosure (low exploration and high commitment), identity moratorium (high exploration and low commitment), and identity diffusion are some examples of these (low exploration, low commitment).

e)     Narrative Identity Theory (Dan McAdams): The idea behind this hypothesis is that people construct their identities by the tales they tell about their lives. Throughout their lives, individuals create narratives that provide them a feeling of unity, purpose, and coherence, so contributing to the formation of their identities.

f)      Cultural Identity Theory: This theory explores how culture influences an individual's identity formation. It highlights how cultural beliefs, traditions, values, and experiences contribute to one's sense of self.

g)     Gender Identity Theory: The development of a person's perception of whether they believe they are male, female, or non-binary is the primary emphasis of gender identity. The social, biological, and psychological elements that influence an individual's gender identification are taken into consideration by this theory.

h)     Postmodern Theories of Identity: The concept of a unified and consistent identity is not supported by these ideas. Instead, they have a perspective that identifies them as fragmented, fluid, and ever-changing, with social, cultural, and contextual elements playing a role in shaping their identities.

Identity development is a multifaceted process that is impacted by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural elements. Understanding how humans develop, perceive, and maintain their sense of self in a world that is constantly changing and evolving is made possible by these theories, which provide frameworks for doing so.

Q2) Discuss gender socialization and changing gender roles. Provide two examples of this in your family and surrounding.

Ans) Gender socialization is the process through which society influences individuals' attitudes, behaviours, and roles based on their perceived sex. From an early age, individuals are taught societal norms, expectations, and roles associated with their gender. These roles are subject to change over time due to evolving social, cultural, and economic factors, leading to shifts in gender roles and expectations.

Gender Socialization:

Childhood Influence: When it comes to teaching children about gender roles, the most important roles are played by families, schools, the media, and peer groups. For instance, children's judgments of what is proper for their gender are influenced by the fact that toys, clothing, and activities are frequently placed in separate categories according to gender.

Changing Gender Roles:

Education and Career: Present-day times have seen an increase in the number of women who are seeking higher education and entering sectors that have traditionally been dominated by men, such as engineering and technology. To a similar extent, men are shattering prejudices about gender-specific vocations by getting more involved in professions such as teaching and nursing respectively.

In My Family and Surroundings:

Family Roles - My Family: In my family, the roles and responsibilities were traditionally divided based on gender. For instance, my grandmother was responsible for household chores, cooking, and taking care of the family, while my grandfather worked outside the home. However, over time, these roles have shifted. My parents share household responsibilities, including cooking, cleaning, and childcare, challenging traditional gender roles. Both my parents work and contribute equally to the family's financial needs.

Parental Involvement - Neighbourhood Example: In my neighbourhood, we have observed a significant shift in parenting roles. Earlier, fathers were usually less involved in childcare and domestic tasks, focusing primarily on providing financial support. However, noticed more fathers actively participating in parenting duties, from picking up children from school to helping with homework or preparing meals. This reflects a change in traditional gender roles, where fathers are taking on more nurturing and caregiving roles.

Impacts of Changing Gender Roles:

a)     Equality and Diversity: Gender roles that are always shifting contribute to a society that is more diverse and inclusive, which in turn challenges preconceptions and promotes equality.

b)     Work-Life Balance: There is a correlation between men's increasing involvement in parenting and home tasks, which helps to a better work-life balance and shared obligations within families.

c)     Economic Empowerment: There is a correlation between economic empowerment and a more successful society and the fact that both genders are afforded equal opportunity in terms of education and work.

However, despite these positive changes, challenges persist. Societal expectations, cultural norms, and lingering stereotypes often hinder progress towards complete gender equality. Addressing these issues involves continuous efforts to challenge biases and promote inclusivity in various aspects of life.  Gender socialization continues to play a significant role in shaping individuals' perceptions of gender roles. However, changing gender roles, witnessed in my family and surroundings, reflect a shift towards more inclusive and equitable societies, where individuals are breaking free from traditional gender constraints to embrace diverse roles and opportunities.

Assignment Two

Answer the following middle category questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

Q3) Explain the socio-cultural factors that influence aggressive behaviour.

Ans) Aggressive behaviour is shaped by various socio-cultural factors that contribute to its development and expression:

a)     Family Environment: The family is a primary socializing agent where patterns of behaviour are learned. Exposure to aggressive behaviour within the family, such as parental conflict, harsh discipline, or witnessing domestic violence, can normalize aggression, making it more acceptable and learned by children.

b)     Peer Influence: Peers significantly impact behaviour, especially during adolescence. Being part of peer groups that encourage aggressive behaviour or display aggression as a means of gaining respect or influence can reinforce and escalate aggressive tendencies.

c)     Media and Culture: The portrayal of violence in media, movies, video games, and music can desensitize individuals to aggression. Constant exposure to aggressive content can shape attitudes, desirability, and the acceptance of violent behaviour as a norm in society.

d)     Social Norms and Expectations: Cultural norms and societal expectations influence behaviour. In some cultures, or subcultures, aggression might be more tolerated or even encouraged to assert dominance or resolve conflicts.

e)     Community and Neighbourhood: Living in neighbourhoods with high crime rates or witnessing violence in the community can increase the likelihood of adopting aggressive behaviour as a means of protection or as a coping mechanism.

f)      Education and Socioeconomic Factors: Educational and socioeconomic disparities can contribute to aggression. Lack of access to quality education or opportunities due to economic disparities can foster frustration and aggressive behaviour.

g)     Political Climate: Political unrest, discrimination, or social injustice can fuel aggression among marginalized groups, leading to protests or demonstrations that might turn violent.

Q4) Explain the concept of youth in terms of socio-cultural, economic and legal aspects.

Ans) The concept of youth is multifaceted, influenced by socio-cultural, economic, and legal dimensions:

a)     Socio-Cultural Aspect: Young adulthood is a culturally defined concept that varies from society to society. The passage from childhood to adulthood is characterised by changes in a person's physical appearance, cognitive abilities, emotional state, and social interactions. Various rites of passage or rituals are practised in different societies. These rituals and rites of passage reflect the transition into maturity and shape how people view youth.

b)     Economic Aspect: The experiences that young people have are substantially influenced by economic considerations. Having access to school, possibilities for employment, and economic stability all play a significant part in determining the goals that young people have and the problems that they must overcome. They may be unable to reach their full potential and may have a more difficult time transitioning into adulthood if they are unemployed, poor, or lack finances.

c)     Legal Aspect: The rights, duties, and privileges of young people are frequently determined by legal definitions of youth. There are a variety of laws around the world that govern the age of consent, voting, drinking, driving, and accountability for criminal acts. When individuals are judged to be capable of making decisions based on accurate information and accepting responsibility for their actions, this is the point at which legal definitions of youthhood are established.

In many societies, youth is a time of exploration, education, skill-building, and identity formation. It is characterized by the search for independence, self-discovery, and the development of one's values and beliefs. However, challenges such as unemployment, poverty, discrimination, and lack of opportunities can hinder the growth and development of young individuals.

Q5) Discuss the Family model of interdependence.

Ans) The Family Model of Interdependence emphasizes the interconnectivity and mutual influence among family members within a household. It revolves around the concept that family members are interdependent, and their actions and behaviours are interconnected, affecting each other's emotions, behaviours, and overall well-being.

Aspects of the Family Model of Interdependence:

a)     Interconnected Relationships: This concept does not consider members of the family to be distinct entities; rather, it places an emphasis on the connectivity that exists among them. It recognises that the acts and feelings of one member of the family can have a substantial impact on other members of the family.

b)     Mutual Influence: In doing so, it highlights the fact that influence can go in both directions within families. As an illustration, the acts and emotions of a parent can have an effect on the actions and emotions of a child, but the child's actions can also have an effect on the parent's actions and emotions.

c)     Shared Responsibilities: The model highlights the shared responsibilities and roles within the family unit. Each member contributes to the overall functioning of the family, and their actions and decisions can affect the family's dynamics.

d)     Communication and Support: Effective communication and support systems are crucial in an interdependent family. Open communication allows for the sharing of thoughts, feelings, and concerns, fostering a supportive environment.

e)     Conflict Resolution: Given the interdependence, conflict resolution becomes essential. Understanding differing perspectives and resolving conflicts constructively is vital to maintain family harmony.

f)      Cultural Context: This model considers the cultural context and societal norms that influence family dynamics. It recognizes that cultural beliefs and practices shape family interdependence.

Assignment Three

Answer the following short category questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 6 marks.

Q6) Social learning theories of aggression.

Ans) Social learning theories of aggression propose that individuals learn aggressive behaviours through observation, imitation, and reinforcement. These theories, notably advocated by Albert Bandura, highlight the role of social contexts, modelling, and reinforcement in shaping aggressive tendencies. Observing aggressive acts in others, particularly in influential role models, and witnessing the subsequent positive outcomes or rewards reinforces the learning of such behaviours. This process involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, contributing to the acquisition and manifestation of aggressive conduct in individuals as they emulate what they have observed and deemed rewarding or socially acceptable within their environment.

Q7) Youth as a demographic dividend.

Ans) Youth, as a demographic dividend, refers to the economic benefit a country gains from a youthful population. This demographic group, when provided with adequate education, skills, and employment opportunities, contributes significantly to economic growth. Their energy, innovation, and productivity can drive development, foster technological advancements, and propel industries forward. A large population of young people, provided that they are adequately equipped and supported, has the potential to fuel the economic progress of a nation. This is accomplished by forming a productive workforce, stimulating consumer demand, and encouraging entrepreneurial endeavours, which ultimately results in the creation of an economy that is more dynamic and robust.

Q8) Healthy sexuality.

Ans) Healthy sexuality refers to a positive, respectful, and fulfilling approach to sexual relationships and experiences. It involves understanding and accepting one's sexual orientation, values, and desires while also respecting others' boundaries and choices. It encompasses open communication, mutual consent, safe practices, and emotional well-being within sexual interactions. The concept of healthy sexuality is characterised by the acceptance of variety, the encouragement of safe sexual behaviours, and the highlighting of the significance of education, consent, and the right to make informed decisions regarding one's body and sexual health. Its purpose is to establish a supportive atmosphere in which individuals are able to freely express themselves and maintain relationships that are respectful and based on mutual consent.

Q9) Triangular theory of love.

Ans) The triangular theory of love, proposed by psychologist Robert Sternberg, outlines three components that form different types of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Combining these elements results in various love styles. Intimacy refers to emotional closeness, trust, and sharing, while passion involves physical attraction and romance. Commitment signifies the decision to maintain a relationship long-term. These components create seven types of love when combined in different ways, including consummate love (with all three components), companionate love (intimacy and commitment), and infatuation (passion without intimacy or commitment). This theory provides a framework for understanding the complexities and variations in romantic relationships.

Q10) Developmental tasks of adolescence.

Ans) Adolescence involves crucial developmental tasks that shape individuals. These tasks include forming a sense of identity, establishing autonomy from parents, developing intimate relationships, exploring future career paths, and gaining a sense of purpose. This phase focuses on identity formation, self-discovery, and acquiring independence while navigating social expectations. Adolescents often grapple with self-identity, emotional regulation, and defining their values. It is a period of experimentation, growth, and learning to balance independence with responsibilities, paving the way for a smooth transition into adulthood.