Assignment Code: BPSC-104/ASST/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: BPSC-104

Assignment Name: Political Process in India

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

Q1) Critically analyse how caste played a prominent role in determining voting behaviour.

Ans) Caste has historically played a significant role in shaping voting behaviour in India, influencing political choices, alliances, and electoral outcomes. The intricate caste-based social structure, deeply embedded in the Indian society, has had a substantial impact on political dynamics.

a)    Caste as a Political Identity:

Caste identities often form the basis of social, economic, and political interactions. People identify strongly with their caste, and political parties leverage this identity for electoral gains. Parties strategize by aligning with specific caste groups to secure their support and consolidate their vote banks.

b)   Caste-Based Mobilization:

Caste-based mobilisation is a strategy that political parties employ in order to win elections by garnering support from specific caste groupings. In order to gain caste votes, they field candidates who belong to particular castes, offer policies that are favourable to particular castes, and make alliances with regional parties that are based on caste affiliation.

c)    Caste-Based Alliances and Coalitions:

Considerations pertaining to caste are frequently the basis for the formation of electoral alliances and coalitions. In multi-party systems such as India's, parties create alliances with caste-based parties in order to obtain access to their respective vote banks. This becomes an extremely important factor after the election.

d)   Caste as a Voting Criterion:

Voters frequently prioritize caste considerations when casting their votes. They tend to support candidates or parties associated with their own caste or those perceived to favour their caste's interests. Caste affiliations often supersede ideologies or policies, influencing voting behaviour significantly.

e)    Caste and Candidate Selection:

Parties select candidates based on caste calculations to maximize electoral success. This practice, known as caste-based ticket distribution, aims to attract votes from specific caste groups by fielding candidates belonging to those castes.

f)     Caste as a Factor in Marginalized Communities:

Marginalized communities and lower castes, historically deprived of socio-economic opportunities, often vote as a bloc based on caste affiliations. Parties promising social justice, reservation, and empowerment tend to attract support from these communities.

g)   Changing Dynamics and Urbanization:

While caste continues to influence voting behaviour, urbanization, education, and economic development have begun to weaken its stronghold. Urban areas, characterized by a more diverse population, witness a decline in the sole influence of caste-based voting.

Criticism:

a)     Perpetuation of Division: Caste-based politics perpetuates social divisions, hindering national unity and fostering identity-based politics, which can undermine broader societal interests.

b)     Neglect of Development Issues: Overemphasis on caste-based politics sometimes leads to a neglect of crucial developmental issues, as parties prioritize securing caste-based votes over addressing broader socio-economic concerns.

c)     Exclusion of Marginalized Groups: While caste-based politics benefits certain caste groups, it can exclude marginalized communities from the political process and perpetuate their socio-economic marginalization.

While caste remains a dominant factor in shaping voting behaviour, there are observable shifts due to modernization, urbanization, and socio-economic changes. While it continues to influence political strategies and electoral outcomes, its impact is evolving in response to changing societal dynamics. Efforts towards inclusive development, education, and awareness may gradually diminish the exclusive influence of caste in voting patterns.

Q2) Define autonomy in a federal structure and discuss the reasons behind autonomy movements.

Ans) Autonomy in a Federal Structure: Autonomy in a federal system refers to the degree of self-governance granted to sub-national entities within a country. It allows these units—states, provinces, or regions—to have a certain level of independence in managing their internal affairs, including legislative, administrative, and sometimes financial matters, while remaining a part of the larger federal framework.

a)    Legislative Autonomy: Sub-national entities often have their legislative bodies empowered to create laws on subjects delineated in the constitution. These laws should not contravene the federal constitution but cater to local needs and concerns.

b)   Administrative Autonomy: They have a degree of control over their administration, including the implementation of policies and programs within their territory, as long as they do not conflict with federal laws.

c)    Financial Autonomy: Some federations grant sub-national entities control over certain financial matters, allowing them to raise revenue, manage finances, and allocate resources for local development.

d)   Cultural and Linguistic Autonomy: In diverse nations, regions often have autonomy in preserving and promoting their cultural, linguistic, and historical heritage. This can include measures to protect languages, cultural practices, and historical sites.

Reasons Behind Autonomy Movements

a)    Historical Grievances: Many autonomy movements stem from historical grievances, where certain regions feel marginalized or unfairly treated by the central government. These grievances might relate to economic disparities, cultural suppression, or political neglect.

b)   Cultural and Linguistic Identity: Regions with distinct cultural or linguistic identities often seek autonomy to preserve and promote their unique heritage. They strive for recognition and protection of their language, culture, traditions, and history.

c)    Resource Control and Economic Autonomy: Regions rich in natural resources often demand autonomy to have more control over these resources and their revenue. They seek greater fiscal autonomy to manage their economic affairs and development.

d)   Political Representation and Decision-making: Autonomy movements sometimes arise due to feelings of inadequate representation in the central government and a desire for more significant decision-making powers at the local level. This includes demands for greater political participation and decision-making authority.

e)    Governance and Administrative Efficiency: Some regions believe that local governance is more efficient and responsive to local needs than a centralized system. They argue that autonomy would enable better administration and development tailored to local requirements.

f)     Ethnic and Religious Factors: Ethnic or religious minorities often seek autonomy to protect their rights and interests, fearing cultural assimilation or discrimination within the larger national framework.

Autonomy movements represent aspirations for greater self-determination and control over local affairs. While they often aim for greater autonomy within a federal structure, the degree and form of autonomy sought can vary significantly based on historical, cultural, economic, and political contexts. Balancing these aspirations with the unity and integrity of the nation remains a complex challenge for federal systems.

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

Q1) What are the causes and nature of insurgency in India?

Ans) Insurgency in India is a complex phenomenon rooted in various socio-economic, political, and historical factors, leading to armed movements seeking political, ethnic, or regional goals through violent means. The causes and nature of insurgency in India are diverse and multifaceted.

a)    Causes of Insurgency in India:

1)    Ethnic and Cultural Grievances: Many insurgencies stem from ethnic or cultural grievances, where certain communities feel marginalized, discriminated against, or alienated from the mainstream due to perceived neglect or suppression of their identity.

2)    Historical Injustices and Identity Issues: Historical grievances related to land rights, cultural identity, and historical injustices often fuel insurgencies. This includes demands for autonomy or independence based on historical narratives.

3)    Economic Disparities and Developmental Issues: Socio-economic disparities, lack of development, and unequal distribution of resources contribute to feelings of alienation and discontent among marginalized communities, fostering fertile ground for insurgency.

4)    Political Alienation and Governance Issues: Political alienation due to perceived unfair representation, corruption, lack of democratic processes, or ineffective governance leads to dissatisfaction and fosters support for insurgency movements.

5)    External Factors and Cross-border Influences: In some cases, external factors such as support from neighbouring countries or transnational ideologies can fuel insurgencies, adding complexity to the internal situation.

b)   Nature of Insurgency in India:

1)    Geographical Diversity: Insurgencies in India are geographically diverse, spanning various regions like Jammu and Kashmir, the Northeastern states, and pockets in Central India. Each region's insurgency has unique causes and characteristics.

2)    Tactical Variations: Insurgency tactics range from armed confrontations, guerrilla warfare, to mobilization through political movements, propaganda, and ideological influence.

3)    Demand for Autonomy or Independence: Insurgent groups often demand autonomy or complete independence from the Indian state, seeking to establish their control or assert their rights over specific territories.

4)    Ethnic, Ideological, and Religious Components: Insurgencies in India often have ethnic, ideological, or religious dimensions. They are driven by factors such as ethno-nationalism, separatism, religious extremism, or Maoist ideologies.

5)    Security Challenges: Insurgencies pose significant security challenges to the Indian state, requiring a multifaceted approach involving security operations, socio-economic development, and political negotiations.

Combating insurgencies in India demands a comprehensive approach that addresses socio-economic grievances, political representation, and regional development alongside security measures. Understanding the diverse causes and nature of these insurgencies is crucial in formulating effective strategies for resolution and peacebuilding.

Q2) Explain How does language influence electoral politics?

Ans) Language plays a crucial role in shaping electoral politics, affecting voter behaviour, political communication, and the strategies adopted by political parties. Its influence is multi-dimensional and significantly impacts various aspects of electoral campaigns.

a)    Communication and Messaging: Language influences the effectiveness of political communication. Campaign messages delivered in a language understood by the electorate resonate more profoundly. Clear communication of policies, agendas, and promises ensures better voter understanding and engagement.

b)   Cultural Identity and Emotional Connection: Political speeches, slogans, and rallies conducted in regional languages foster an emotional connection with voters. Candidates using local languages establish a sense of cultural affinity and identity, enhancing rapport and trust.

c)    Mobilization and Outreach: Language facilitates outreach efforts, especially in linguistically diverse regions. Using local languages enables political parties to connect with grassroots communities more effectively, aiding in mobilization and garnering broader support.

d)   Inclusivity and Representation: Acknowledging linguistic diversity in political communication promotes inclusivity. Parties that embrace multiple languages are perceived as more inclusive, attracting support from diverse linguistic groups and minority communities.

e)    Regional Political Movements: In regions with strong linguistic identities, language plays a pivotal role in political movements. Movements advocating for the preservation and promotion of a particular language often translate into political support for parties aligned with linguistic aspirations.

f)     Electoral Strategies and Alliances: Language considerations influence electoral strategies. Parties form alliances or coalitions based on linguistic affiliations to consolidate support from specific linguistic communities, strategizing to win seats in linguistically homogeneous regions.

g)   Symbolism and Cultural Nuances: Language carries cultural nuances and symbolism. Political discourse in regional languages resonates better with local cultures, enhancing its effectiveness and impact.

The use of language in electoral politics goes beyond mere communication—it defines political narratives, influences electoral outcomes, and shapes voter perceptions. It serves as a potent tool for politicians to connect with constituents, mobilize support, and effectively convey their agendas.

Q3) What are the constitutional provisions regarding the reorganisation of states in India?

Ans) The reorganization of states in India is governed by constitutional provisions primarily outlined in Articles 2, 3, and 4 of the Constitution of India.

a)    Article 2 - Admission or Establishment of New States:

1)      Article 2 grants the Parliament the power to admit new states into the Union or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it deems fit.

2)     This provision allows for the formation of entirely new states or the admission of territories into the Indian Union.

b)   Article 3 - Formation of New States and Alteration of Areas, Boundaries, or Names of Existing States:

1)      Article 3 provides the Parliament with the authority to form new states or alter the boundaries, areas, or names of existing states.

2)     It outlines the process for the creation of new states or changes in state boundaries. This process includes introducing a bill in Parliament. The bill must be passed by a simple majority but needs to be ratified by a majority of the affected state legislatures.

c)    Article 4 - Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 not to be deemed as Amendments to the Constitution:

1)      Article 4 specifies that laws passed under Articles 2 and 3 are not considered amendments to the Constitution. These provisions are separate from the amendment process outlined in Article 368.

2)     These constitutional provisions establish the authority of the Parliament to enact laws related to the creation, alteration, or admission of states. The process allows for the reorganization of states based on factors such as administrative convenience, linguistic or cultural considerations, regional aspirations, and developmental needs.

The involvement of the affected state legislatures in cases of boundary changes or alterations ensures a degree of federalism and considers the interests and opinions of the regions involved. Historical instances of state reorganization in India, including the creation of new states or changes in state boundaries, have followed these constitutional procedures laid out in Articles 2 and 3.

Assignment - III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 6 marks.

Q1) What are the limitations of the party system in India?

Ans) The party system in India faces several limitations:

a)     Regionalism and Fragmentation: The dominance of regional parties in various states often leads to a fragmented political landscape, hindering national cohesion and effective governance.

b)     Dynastic Politics: The prevalence of dynastic politics within parties sometimes prioritizes lineage over meritocracy, affecting internal democracy and hindering new leadership.

c)     Lack of Intra-party Democracy: Parties often lack robust internal democracy, limiting grassroots participation and hindering the representation of diverse voices within the party.

d)     Identity Politics and Vote Bank: Parties sometimes exploit caste, religious, or regional identities for electoral gains, fostering divisions and compromising broader policy agendas.

e)     Money and Muscle Power: The influence of money, corruption, and criminal elements within parties undermines the democratic process and erodes public trust.

Q2) What role does gender play as a determinant of voting behaviour?

Ans) Gender significantly influences voting behaviour due to diverse social, cultural, and economic factors:

a)     Gender Gap: Women often exhibit a distinct voting pattern, sometimes leaning towards specific policies or candidates, influenced by issues such as healthcare, education, and social welfare.

b)     Issues and Priorities: Women may prioritize different issues like gender equality, healthcare, education, and family welfare, impacting their voting decisions.

c)     Political Participation: Despite increasing participation, women might face barriers like social norms, economic dependency, or lack of representation, affecting their voting behaviour.

d)     Women-Centric Policies: Parties advocating women-centric policies can influence female voters, emphasizing gender-related concerns and empowerment in their campaigns.

Q3) Write a brief note on the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP).

Ans) The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) emerged in 2012 as a political entity focused on anti-corruption and participatory governance. Formed by activists Arvind Kejriwal, Manish Sisodia, and others, AAP gained prominence for its anti-corruption movement, culminating in the Jan Lokpal Bill advocacy.

AAP gained traction by promising clean politics, transparency, and citizen-centric governance. It gained a significant victory in the 2013 Delhi Assembly elections, forming a government. Arvind Kejriwal became the Chief Minister, focusing on initiatives like Mohalla Clinics (community health centers) and subsidized water/electricity.

AAP's ideology revolves around pro-poor policies, emphasizing education, healthcare, and public welfare. While its governance model in Delhi garnered praise for certain initiatives, AAP's political expansion outside Delhi faced challenges, impacting its national footprint.

Q4) What are the differences between single-party, two-party, and multi-party systems?

Ans) Comparison Between Single-Party, Two-Party and Multi-Party:

Q5) What were the leading causes of insurgency in Punjab?

Ans) The insurgency in Punjab, known as the Khalistan movement, stemmed from several causes:

a)     Socio-Economic Grievances: Economic disparities, unemployment, and perceived neglect by the central government fuelled discontent among certain sections of the Sikh community.

b)     Ethnic and Religious Identity: The demand for a separate Sikh state, Khalistan, was rooted in a desire to preserve Sikh religious identity and autonomy amid fears of perceived cultural assimilation.

c)     Political Marginalization: The perception of political marginalization and demands for greater autonomy or rights led to demands for a separate Sikh state, intensifying the insurgency in Punjab during the 1980s.