Assignment Code: BPSC-105/ASST/TMA/2023-24

Course Code; BPSC-105

Assignment Name; Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics

Year; 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

Q1) Describe how the nature, field and scope of comparative politics have evolved in response to the changing socio-political concerns over different historical periods.

Ans) The field of comparative politics has undergone significant evolution in response to changing socio-political concerns across various historical periods, reflecting shifts in academic focus, methodologies, and conceptual frameworks.

a)    Early Periods:

1)    Classical Period (Ancient Times to the Middle Ages):

i)       Comparative studies often focused on examining political systems of different civilizations, like the Greek city-states, Roman Republic, and Chinese dynasties.

ii)     Emphasis on examining governance structures, legal systems, and political institutions to draw contrasts between different forms of government.

2)    Renaissance and Enlightenment (14th to 18th century):

iii)    Emergence of comparative political thought with philosophical works of thinkers like Machiavelli, Rousseau, and Montesquieu, comparing various forms of government and their effectiveness.

iv)    Exploration of political concepts like democracy, republicanism, and monarchy, evaluating their merits and shortcomings.

b)   Modern Periods:

1)    19th Century and Early 20th Century:

i)                 Evolution from descriptive to more analytical approaches in comparative politics.

ii)               Comparative studies focused on the rise of nation-states, nationalism, and the impact of industrialization on politics, often analyzing European political systems.

2)    Interwar Period and Post-WWII (1918-1945):

i)                 Rise of empirical research and methodological advancements in comparative politics.

ii)               Studies on comparative political institutions, electoral systems, and party politics gained prominence, influenced by the aftermath of World War I and the spread of fascism.

c)    Contemporary Era:

1)    Post-WWII and Cold War Era (1945-1991):

i)                 Expansion of comparative politics beyond Europe to include non-Western political systems, influenced by decolonization and the emergence of new nation-states.

ii)               Shift towards area studies, focusing on developing countries and regions, exploring political development, democratization, and state-building.

2)    Late 20th Century to Present:

i)                 Globalization and technological advancements shaped the field, encouraging studies on transnational issues, global governance, and comparative political economy.

ii)               Emphasis on democratization, human rights, ethnic conflict, and the role of international organizations in shaping politics.

d)   Evolution and Trends:

1)      Methodological Shifts: From qualitative historical approaches to more quantitative and empirical methodologies, embracing statistical analysis and comparative case studies.

2)     Broadening of Scope: From a Eurocentric focus to a more global perspective, encompassing diverse political systems, cultures, and regions.

3)     Focus on Contemporary Challenges: Addressing issues like globalization, terrorism, environmental politics, and the impact of technology on politics.

4)     Interdisciplinary Approach: Collaboration with other social sciences, incorporating insights from sociology, economics, anthropology, and psychology.

The evolution of comparative politics mirrors changing global realities, encompassing diverse political phenomena, and adapting to address contemporary socio-political concerns. The field continues to evolve, responding dynamically to emerging challenges and advancing methodologies to offer nuanced insights into complex political systems and processes.

Q2) Examine the meaning and evolution of the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy.

Ans) Within the context of a sovereign state, the legislative authority of the Parliament is defined by the idea of parliamentary supremacy, which is a fundamental tenet in constitutional law. It is a statement that the Parliament is the highest legislative body, and that the laws that it passes are superior to any other laws that may be passed. This philosophy was initially developed in the United Kingdom and has seen tremendous development throughout the course of time.

a)    Meaning of Parliamentary Supremacy:

1)    Origin and Meaning: The idea originated in England and emphasised that Parliament is the highest authority in the legal system, with the ability to make, amend, or repeal any legislation. It is predicated on the idea that no authority, including the executive branch or the court, has the power to question or overrule legislation which has been passed by parliament.

2)    Unwritten Principle: In the United Kingdom, parliamentary supremacy constitutes both a convention and an unwritten constitutional concept, in contrast to the majority of constitutional principles. There is a historical practise, judicial decisions, and legal concepts that have contributed to its development.

3)    Legal Effect: Parliamentary laws, also known as Acts of Parliament, are considered supreme and binding. Courts cannot invalidate or strike down laws passed by Parliament, regardless of their content or implications.

b)   Evolution of Parliamentary Supremacy:

1)    Historical Evolution: The doctrine emerged gradually through historical events like the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights in 1689, establishing Parliament's supremacy over the monarchy.

2)    Expansion and Limitations: While historically absolute, parliamentary supremacy has faced limitations in modern times. The UK's membership in the European Union and the introduction of the Human Rights Act 1998 led to some constraints on parliamentary sovereignty, allowing for judicial review of legislation for compatibility with EU law and human rights.

3)    Impact of EU Membership: The supremacy of EU law over national law, as established in the Factortame case (1990), challenged traditional parliamentary supremacy. EU law prevailed over conflicting national laws, marking a departure from the absolute nature of parliamentary sovereignty.

4)    Legislative Acts and Judicial Review: Despite its significance, parliamentary supremacy now faces checks and balances through judicial review. While courts cannot directly invalidate parliamentary statutes, they can interpret laws and issue declarations of incompatibility with human rights or EU law.

5)    Impact of Devolution: Devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland through Acts like the Scotland Act 1998 and the Wales Act 1998 has shifted some legislative powers away from the UK Parliament. While Parliament remains supreme, it has granted certain legislative powers to devolved assemblies.

c)    Contemporary Relevance:

Parliamentary supremacy continues to be a cornerstone of contemporary constitutional law in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that its absolute nature has been subject to alterations as a result of factors such as participation in the European Union, concerns of human rights, and devolution. The theory is a reflection of the inherent legislative authority of the Parliament, but it is situated within a framework that is more nuanced, allowing for legal restrictions and judicial review in particular circumstances.

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

Q1) What are the major challenges confronting the Chinese Communist Party in contemporary times? Explain.

Ans) The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) faces several significant challenges in contemporary times, posing potential threats to its continued rule and stability:

a)    Economic Challenges: China's economic slowdown, rising debt levels, and structural imbalances present a critical challenge. Economic reforms to maintain growth while transitioning from an export-driven economy to a more consumption-based one are crucial. Managing debt, reducing income inequality, and fostering sustainable growth pose significant hurdles.

b)   Demographic Pressures: China grapples with an aging population and a shrinking workforce due to the one-child policy. The challenge lies in balancing economic productivity, social welfare, and a diminishing labor force while providing adequate healthcare and social security for the elderly.

c)    Social Discontent and Inequality: Rising social discontent stemming from income disparities, lack of social welfare, environmental degradation, and rural-urban divides poses challenges. Social unrest, protests, and dissatisfaction, particularly among marginalized groups, challenge the CCP's legitimacy.

d)   Political Control and Governance: Maintaining political control amidst increasing demands for political reforms and transparency is a significant challenge. The CCP's centralized authority faces scrutiny, especially concerning human rights abuses, censorship, and lack of political freedoms, both domestically and internationally.

e)    Technological Challenges: The rapid advancement of technology poses challenges in managing information control and cybersecurity. Balancing technological advancements for economic growth with the need for control challenges the CCP's governance model.

f)     Global Leadership and Relations: China's rising influence invites international scrutiny and challenges, especially concerning its Belt and Road Initiative, territorial disputes, and human rights violations. Balancing its global aspirations while managing international perceptions and relations poses a diplomatic challenge.

g)   Environmental Sustainability: Environmental degradation and pollution, exacerbated by rapid industrialization, pose severe health and ecological challenges. Addressing environmental concerns while maintaining economic growth remains a complex task.

Navigating these challenges requires adept policymaking, reform measures, and balancing economic growth with social welfare and political stability. The CCP's ability to address these challenges while maintaining its centralized control and legitimacy will significantly impact its long-term governance and stability.

Q2) Explain the doctrine of rule of law. How does it act as a constraint on the powers of the government?

Ans) The doctrine of the rule of law safeguards against arbitrary exercise of power by establishing legal principles that apply universally. It guarantees legal equality, protecting individuals from unfair treatment, ensuring adherence to established laws, and providing a framework for justice and accountability within a society. This principle ensures that the government's actions and decisions are subject to legal scrutiny, preventing abuse of authority and promoting a just and orderly society.

a)    It encapsulates several key principles:

1)      Legal Supremacy: The rule of law advocates that laws are supreme and binding for everyone, including government officials. It ensures that all actions and decisions must conform to established legal principles.

2)     Equality and Fairness: It emphasizes equality before the law, ensuring that all individuals, irrespective of their status or position, are subject to the same legal principles and procedures. It prevents arbitrary use of power.

3)     Legal Certainty and Predictability: The rule of law promotes predictability in legal systems. Laws should be clear, accessible, and consistently applied, providing citizens with certainty about their rights and obligations.

4)     Checks and Balances: It requires mechanisms for checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power by any branch of government. This includes an independent judiciary, separation of powers, and legal avenues for citizens to challenge government actions.

b)   The rule of law acts as a constraint on the powers of the government through various mechanisms:

1)      Limits on Arbitrary Power: It restricts the government from exercising arbitrary power or making decisions without legal justification. Any action or policy must align with established legal norms and procedures.

2)     Judicial Review: Courts play a vital role in upholding the rule of law by reviewing government actions for legality and constitutionality. Judicial review ensures that government actions comply with the law and the constitution.

3)     Accountability and Transparency: The rule of law demands government accountability and transparency. Governments must operate within the bounds of the law and be accountable for their actions to the citizens and legal institutions.

4)     Protection of Rights: It safeguards individual rights and freedoms from arbitrary state interference, ensuring that government actions do not violate citizens' fundamental rights as enshrined in the law.

Q3) What are the development strategies adopted by Brazil since its independence? Elaborate.

Ans) Brazil has employed various development strategies since its independence in the 19th century, aiming to foster economic growth, address social disparities, and achieve sustainable development.

a)    Primary Export-Led Growth (Late 19th to Early 20th Century):

1)      Initially reliant on primary exports like coffee, rubber, and sugar, Brazil focused on agrarian production for export, which contributed significantly to its economic growth.

2)     However, this strategy led to an economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices, hindering long-term stability.

b)   Import Substitution Industrialization (1950s to 1970s):

1)      Brazil shifted to import substitution industrialization (ISI) to reduce dependency on foreign goods and promote domestic industry. It aimed to produce goods domestically that were previously imported.

2)     The government implemented protectionist policies, providing subsidies and incentives to domestic industries. This strategy led to industrialization but also resulted in inefficiencies, high tariffs, and a reliance on state intervention.

c)    Economic Liberalization and Global Integration (1980s to Present):

1)      From the 1980s onwards, Brazil adopted economic liberalization measures, embracing market-oriented policies, privatization, and trade openness. It aimed to attract foreign investment and boost competitiveness.

2)     Integration into global markets through trade agreements and participation in forums like BRICS has been a key strategy. Efforts to diversify exports beyond commodities and focus on technology and innovation have been emphasized.

d)   Social Development and Poverty Alleviation (21st Century):

1)      Social programs like Bolsa Família aimed at poverty reduction by providing cash transfers to low-income families, coupled with investments in education and healthcare.

2)     Emphasis on sustainable development, environmental conservation, and renewable energy sources to address environmental challenges and promote long-term sustainability.

Despite these strategies, Brazil faces challenges like income inequality, corruption, and infrastructure deficiencies. Balancing economic growth with social inclusion remains a priority, necessitating continued efforts to diversify the economy, improve governance, and address social disparities for sustained and inclusive development.

Assignment - III

Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. Each short note carries 6 marks.

Q1) Federalism in Nigeria

Ans) Federalism in Nigeria refers to a system of government where power is constitutionally divided between the central government and subnational entities, namely states and local governments.

a)     Distribution of Power: Nigeria operates a federal system with three tiers: federal, state, and local governments, each with specific powers outlined in the constitution.

b)     Resource Control: The constitution allocates certain powers and resources to the federal government while granting states some autonomy over local affairs and resources within their jurisdictions.

c)     Challenges: Issues such as ethnic tensions, resource allocation, and centralization concerns challenge effective federalism, requiring ongoing efforts to balance power and foster unity.

Q2) Deutsch’s cybernetics theory

Ans) David Easton's cybernetics theory, often associated with political systems, posits that political systems function similarly to cybernetic systems. In this theory:

a)     Input-Output Mechanism: Political systems process input (demands and supports) and produce output (policies and decisions).

b)     Feedback Loops: Feedback from the environment influences system adjustments, helping maintain stability.

c)     Adaptation and Equilibrium: Systems adapt to external changes to maintain equilibrium, akin to cybernetic systems adjusting to feedback.

d)     Hierarchy of Processing: Easton identifies three levels - input, conversion, and output - representing the political system's processing stages.

e)     Dynamic Equilibrium: Systems aim for dynamic equilibrium through continuous adjustments based on feedback, striving for stability despite changing environments.

Q3) Wallerstein’s World System analysis

Ans) Wallerstein's World System analysis examines the global economy as an interconnected system shaped by capitalist relations, consisting of three zones:

a)     Core: Nations that have undergone industrialization have achieved economic dominance, controlling both technology and capital.

b)     Periphery: Countries that are less developed provide core nations with raw materials, low-cost labour, and serve as markets for those nations.

c)     Semi-Periphery: The countries that serve as intermediates are those that exhibit features of both the core and the periphery sectors.

It emphasizes the historical development of a capitalist world economy, accentuating the structural inequalities and exploitative relationships between core and peripheral nations, perpetuating global economic hierarchies.

Q4) Dictatorship of the proletariat

Ans) The concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat, proposed by Marx and Engels, envisions a transitional phase in which the working class holds political power after overthrowing the bourgeoisie:

a)     Worker Governance: It involves a temporary period where the proletariat, the working class, seizes state power to establish a transitional government representing worker interests.

b)     Transition to Communism: The goal is to abolish class distinctions, private property, and establish a classless society, leading towards communism.

c)     Suppression of Bourgeoisie: During this phase, the proletariat exercises control over means of production, aiming to suppress capitalist elements to pave the way for a stateless society.

d)     Criticism: Critics highlight concerns over authoritarianism and centralization of power within a transitional state, raising questions about the potential for abuse of power in practice.

Q5) The concept of dependent development.

Ans) Dependent development, rooted in dependency theory, suggests that certain nations' development is intricately tied to and constrained by their relationship with more powerful, developed countries.

a)     Economic Dependency: It posits that less developed countries' economic growth relies on and is subordinated to more advanced nations' economic systems and demands.

b)     Structural Constraints: Dependent development contends that historical and structural factors perpetuate underdevelopment, including unequal trade relations, resource extraction, and technological dependence, hindering independent economic growth.

c)     Vicious Cycle: This concept implies a cycle where dependent nations struggle to break free from reliance on developed nations, perpetuating economic and social disparities.