Assignment Code: BPSC-110/ASST/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: BPSC-110

Assignment Name: Global Politics

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

Q1) Explain theories of globalisation.

Ans) Globalization, a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, has been approached and theorized through various perspectives, each offering distinct insights into its nature, drivers, and implications:

a)    Modernization Theory:

Specifically, this idea suggests that technological developments, particularly in the areas of communication and transportation, are the primary cause of globalisation. According to this theory, as societies progress toward modernization, they become more interconnected through the interchange of information, cultural dissemination, and commercial transactions. Globalization, according to proponents of the modernization theory, is supposed to bring about progress, economic development, and societal advancement.

b)   Dependency Theory:

In contrast to the modernization theory, the dependency theory places an emphasis on the power imbalances and global economic disparities that exist now. It argues that globalisation is primarily responsible for the perpetuation and deepening of the dependency of less developed nations on more developed nations, mostly as a result of historical patterns of exploitation and uneven trade ties. Those who subscribe to the dependency theory contend that globalisation frequently serves to bolster the preeminence of industrialised nations over the developing world region.

c)    World Systems Theory:

This theory, which was first presented by Immanuel Wallerstein, examines globalisation from the perspective of a capitalist world order. It divides countries into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral zones according to the degree of economic development and exploitation that they have achieved. According to this theory, globalisation is the result of the capitalist world economy and the uneven power dynamics that exist between countries that are fundamental to the system and others that are peripheral to it.

d)   Cultural Imperialism Theory:

This perspective focuses on the dominance of Western culture in a globalized world. It argues that globalization results in the spread of Western values, norms, and cultural products, undermining local cultures and homogenizing societies worldwide. Critics of cultural imperialism argue it leads to cultural homogenization and marginalization of indigenous cultures.

e)    Hyperglobalist Perspective:

The hyperglobalist view posits that globalization has resulted in a borderless world, eroding state sovereignty, and leading to a global culture, economy, and governance. Advocates of this theory highlight the interconnectedness of economies, the rise of global institutions, and the integration of markets, suggesting a diminishing role for national governments.

f)     Sceptical Approach:

Contrary to hyperglobalists, sceptics argue that globalization has limits and does not entirely erode state sovereignty. They suggest that while economic interdependence has increased, the power of nation-states remains significant. Sceptics emphasize the persistence of national interests and the continued importance of state-led policies.

g)   Transformationalist View:

The transformationalist perspective acknowledges the impact of globalisation, but emphasises the transforming yet unpredictable aspect of this phenomenon. Globalization, they claim, is transforming cultures, economies, and politics, but in a variety of ways that are distinctive to the setting in which they are occurring. This viewpoint acknowledges the complexity and ambiguities that are inherent to globalisation, and it suggests that the impacts of globalisation vary substantially across different communities and areas.

These theories provide lenses through which scholars analyse and understand globalization's dynamics, its impact on economies, cultures, societies, and the geopolitical landscape. Each theory places an emphasis on a different facet, bringing attention to the interconnectivity of the globalised world while also providing a broad range of views regarding the repercussions of this phenomenon.

Q2) Critically examine the various dimensions of state sovereignty.

Ans) State sovereignty is a foundational principle in international relations, encapsulating a state's supreme authority within its territorial boundaries. However, the concept of sovereignty has evolved and undergone critical examination across various dimensions:

a)    Internal vs. External Sovereignty:

1)      External Sovereignty: This dimension refers to a state's independence and autonomy in its relations with other states. It entails non-interference and recognition by other sovereign entities. However, challenges to external sovereignty arise due to globalization, as international norms, agreements, and transnational issues can encroach upon a state's autonomy.

2)     Internal Sovereignty: Internal sovereignty relates to a state's authority and control within its borders. It encompasses the monopoly on the legitimate use of force, the ability to govern, and the maintenance of order. Internal sovereignty can be undermined by internal conflicts, separatist movements, or non-state actors challenging state authority.

b)   Legal Sovereignty vs. Popular Sovereignty:

1)      Legal Sovereignty: This aspect emphasizes a state's legal recognition as an independent entity within the international system. Legal sovereignty is enshrined in treaties, international agreements, and customary law, affirming a state's status as a sovereign entity.

2)     Popular Sovereignty: This dimension emphasizes the authority of the people within a state to determine its governance. It underlines that the legitimacy of state power is derived from the consent of the governed. However, this notion can be challenged by authoritarian regimes or when governments fail to represent the interests of their populace.

c)    Sovereignty and Globalization:

1)      Globalization challenges traditional notions of sovereignty by transcending state boundaries. Economic interdependence, transnational threats (like terrorism or climate change), and supranational organizations (such as the EU) can limit state sovereignty. States increasingly cooperate and pool sovereignty in areas like trade, security, and environmental regulation to address global challenges effectively.

d)   Human Rights and Sovereignty:

1)      The protection of human rights frequently comes into conflict with the sovereignty of states. The principle of non-interference is challenged by international human rights conventions, which advocate for involvement in order to safeguard persons from violations of human rights. The contradiction that exists between human rights and sovereignty gives rise to ethical conundrums concerning the obligation of protecting populations from atrocities that occur within sovereign states.

e)    Technological and Informational Challenges: Advancements in technology and the rise of the internet pose challenges to state control and sovereignty. Cyberspace transcends national borders, making it challenging for states to regulate information flow, cybersecurity, and online activities, thereby challenging traditional notions of territorial control.

f)     Economic Sovereignty and Dependency: Economic interdependence and global financial systems can compromise a state's economic sovereignty. Nations may become dependent on foreign investments, loans, or trade relationships, limiting their economic autonomy and decision-making capacity.

g)   Sovereignty and Non-State Actors: Non-state actors like multinational corporations, terrorist organizations, and NGOs challenge state sovereignty. These entities operate transnationally and often wield significant influence, impacting state policies and undermining traditional state authority.

When these aspects of sovereignty are subjected to critical analysis, the complexities and difficulties that governments face in a world that is increasingly interconnected are brought through. The concept of sovereignty continues to be an essential principle; however, its interpretations and applications have developed over time, making it necessary to strike a balance between the preservation of state autonomy and the resolution of global challenges that extend beyond national boundaries.

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

Q1) Examine the impact of industrial revolution on world economy.

Ans) The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century in Britain and later spread globally, had a profound and lasting impact on the world economy across various dimensions:

a)     Economic Transformation: The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized societies. It introduced mechanization, leading to increased productivity in manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation. This resulted in the mass production of goods, reduced costs, and an expansion of markets.

b)     Globalization of Trade: Industrialization spurred global trade by creating surpluses of manufactured goods that were exported worldwide. The development of steamships and railways facilitated the transportation of goods across continents, leading to increased international commerce.

c)     Rise of Capitalism: The Industrial Revolution fuelled the growth of capitalism by promoting the accumulation of capital, investment in industries, and the emergence of factory-based production systems. This shift from agrarian-based economies to industrial capitalism fundamentally transformed economic structures.

d)     Urbanization and Labor Force Changes: Industrialization led to significant urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of employment in factories. This change in labor patterns, from agricultural to industrial, reshaped societal structures and created new working classes.

e)     Technological Advancements: The Industrial Revolution brought about significant technological advancements, such as the steam engine, textile machinery, and later, electricity and the assembly line. These innovations revolutionized production processes and laid the groundwork for further technological progress.

f)      Colonialism and Imperialism: The Industrial Revolution fuelled European colonial expansion as industrialized nations sought raw materials and new markets. This led to the exploitation of colonies for resources and markets, further integrating global economies.

g)     Social and Economic Inequalities: While the Industrial Revolution led to economic growth, it also exacerbated social inequalities. The working conditions in factories were often harsh, resulting in poor wages and long working hours for labourers.

In summary, the Industrial Revolution profoundly transformed the world economy by catalysing technological advancements, globalization of trade, urbanization, and the rise of capitalism. Its impact laid the foundation for the modern economic systems and societal structures that continue to shape the world today.

Q2) Explain the organisational structure and working of the World Bank.

Ans) The World Bank is a vital international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for development programs. Its organizational structure and functioning are divided into several key components:

Structure

a)     Board of Governors: Comprised of member countries' finance ministers or central bank governors, the Board of Governors is the highest decision-making body and meets annually to establish general policies.

b)     Board of Executive Directors: This board oversees the Bank's daily operations. It consists of 25 Executive Directors who represent member countries or groups of countries, overseeing various aspects of the Bank's work.

c)     President: The President, appointed by the Board of Executive Directors, is responsible for the Bank's overall management and operations.

Working

a)     Project Identification and Preparation: The World Bank identifies projects based on a country's development needs. These projects cover various sectors like infrastructure, education, healthcare, and agriculture.

b)     Financing: After project identification, the Bank provides loans or grants to support these initiatives. Loans come with terms and conditions, including interest rates and repayment schedules.

c)     Implementation and Supervision: Once funding is secured, project implementation begins. The Bank works with the borrowing country to ensure the project progresses as planned, providing technical assistance and expertise as needed.

d)     Evaluation and Monitoring: Continuous evaluation and monitoring of projects occur throughout their lifecycle. The Bank assesses the project's impact, effectiveness, and sustainability to ensure goals are met and lessons learned for future endeavours.

Functions

a)     Poverty Alleviation: The Bank focuses on reducing poverty by supporting projects that aim to improve living conditions, healthcare, education, and infrastructure in developing countries.

b)     Policy Advice: It provides technical expertise and policy advice to member countries to aid in economic development, governance, and institutional reforms.

c)     Capacity Building: The Bank assists countries in building institutional and human capacity to manage and implement development projects effectively.

Overall, the World Bank operates as a multifaceted institution, working closely with member countries to finance development projects, provide expertise, and promote sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction across the globe.

Q3) Discuss the phenomenon of Merger and Acquisition (M&A) in the global economy.

Ans) Merger and Acquisition (M&A) is a critical aspect of the global economy, involving the consolidation of companies through various transactions, such as mergers, acquisitions, takeovers, or consolidations. These transactions have several implications and effects on the global economic landscape:

a)     Strategic Expansion: M&A activities enable companies to expand their market presence, diversify their product portfolios, and gain access to new technologies, resources, or markets. This strategic expansion allows firms to strengthen their competitive position in the global marketplace.

b)     Efficiency and Synergy: Companies engage in M&A to achieve economies of scale, improve operational efficiency, and realize synergies. Through consolidation, companies can reduce costs, streamline operations, and optimize resources, ultimately enhancing profitability.

c)     Market Power and Dominance: M&A transactions often lead to the formation of larger, more dominant firms with increased market power. This concentration of market share can sometimes result in monopolistic or oligopolistic structures, influencing prices and competition within industries.

d)     Cross-border Investments: M&A activities are not confined to national borders but are increasingly global in nature. Companies engage in cross-border acquisitions to access new markets, benefit from favourable regulatory environments, or leverage international expertise.

e)     Challenges and Risks: While M&A offers opportunities, it also poses challenges and risks. Cultural differences, integration issues, regulatory hurdles, and overestimation of synergies can lead to operational disruptions, financial losses, and failed mergers.

f)      Impact on Employment: M&A activities often involve restructuring, leading to workforce reductions or changes in employment patterns. While mergers aim for efficiency gains, they can result in job losses or workforce reallocation.

g)     Regulatory and Legal Implications: Governments and regulatory bodies monitor M&A transactions to ensure fair competition and prevent monopolistic practices. Antitrust laws and regulatory approvals play a significant role in shaping the landscape of M&A activities.

Overall, M&A activities are integral to the global economy, driving corporate growth, reshaping industries, and influencing market dynamics. However, the success and impact of these transactions depend on various factors, including strategic alignment, effective integration, regulatory compliance, and market conditions.

Assignment - III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

Q1) Impact of cultural dimension of globalisation

Ans) The cultural dimension of globalization significantly impacts societies worldwide:

a)     Cultural Homogenization: Globalization facilitates the spread of dominant cultures, primarily Western, leading to cultural homogenization. This can result in the erosion of local traditions, languages, and customs as globalized media, technology, and consumerism dominate.

b)     Cultural Hybridization: While globalization fosters homogenization, it also sparks cultural hybridization. Local cultures adapt and blend with global influences, creating hybrid cultural forms that embody both local and global elements.

c)     Identity and Diversity: Globalization fosters interconnectedness, allowing for cultural exchange and the celebration of diverse identities. However, it can also lead to the commodification of culture, potentially diluting authentic cultural expressions.

d)     Challenges to Traditions: Traditional practices face challenges as globalization introduces new values, lifestyles, and consumer trends, potentially altering societal norms and practices. This can generate tensions between tradition and modernity.

Q2) Role of United Nations in the conservation of environment

Ans) The United Nations plays a pivotal role in global environmental conservation through various agencies and initiatives:

a)     UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme): UNEP leads environmental initiatives, promotes sustainable development, and coordinates international efforts to address environmental challenges through research, capacity-building, and policy guidance.

b)     UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change): It oversees global climate action, facilitating international negotiations (e.g., COP summits) to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts.

c)     UNDP (United Nations Development Programme): UNDP supports countries in integrating environmental sustainability into development plans and projects, fostering conservation efforts.

d)     Global Agreements: The UN facilitates agreements like the Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, and Convention on Biological Diversity, guiding countries to collaborate on environmental protection and sustainability.

e)     Scientific Research and Reports: Through bodies like the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), the UN provides scientific assessments and reports to guide policy formulation and action on environmental issues.

Q3. Difference between NPT & CTBT

Ans) Comparison between NPT and CTBT:

Q4. India’s climate commitment and its progress

Ans) India has committed to several climate actions:

a)     Paris Agreement: India pledged to reduce its emissions intensity by 33-35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity, and create carbon sinks.

b)     Renewable Energy: The country aims for 40% of its energy from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. India has made significant strides in solar and wind energy, becoming a global leader in renewable capacity.

c)     Afforestation and Adaptation: India focuses on afforestation, enhancing its forest cover, and investing in climate adaptation measures to combat the impacts of climate change.

d)     Progress: India has made considerable progress in renewable energy deployment, exceeding its targets. However, challenges persist in meeting emission reduction goals amidst growing energy demand and economic development.

Q5. Difference among refugee, migrant and diaspora

Ans) Comparison Between Refugee, Migrant and Diaspora: