Assignment Code: BTMC-131/ASST/2021-22

Course Code: BTMC-131

Assignment Name: History of Tourism-I

Year: 2021-2022

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Assignment A

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

Q1. Explain why tourism is difficult to define. Is the tourist product similar to other products? Give suitable examples. 20

Ans) Tourism was defined as a visit "to a country other than one's own or where one usually resides and works" by the Rome Conference on Tourism in 1963, which adopted the recommendation to replace the term "tourist" with the term "visitor" and defined tourism as a visit "to a country other than one's own or where one usually resides and works" for the following reasons:

1. Tourism is defined as the activity of temporary visitors who are staying for at least 24 hours for reasons such as leisure, business, family, mission, or meeting.

2. Excursion – an activity performed by a temporary visitor who is staying for less than 24 hours but does not include people in transit.

"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations, including day visits and excursions," the Tourism Society of Britain proposed in 1976. "Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment," according to AIEST in 1981. Tourism can include or exclude overnight stays away from home." These definitions show that tourism has broadened its scope and range. The definition of tourism has expanded to include all types of leisure activities. Today, we might define Mass Tourism as someone who travels to see something different and is disappointed when he discovers that things are not the same as they are at home.

Tourist as a Product

The purchase of a tour is a speculative investment on the part of the tourist, who is anticipating the pleasure that will be derived from the consumption of such a product. Tourist consumption and anticipation are linked to the provision of services that, after the basic necessities and comforts are met, include the organisation of leisure activities. Selling tours, on the other hand, has been compared to selling dreams on numerous occasions. Purchasing a tour, for example, is more than just purchasing a collection of services such as an aeroplane ticket, a hotel room with a bed, meals, and the opportunity to see the Taj Mahal. For a brief period of time, the tourist is purchasing a foreign environment that includes unique climatic and geographical characteristics, as well as intangible benefits such as a bargain, luxury service, hospitality, atmosphere, culture, and heritage.

In this way, the tourist product is a physical and psychological construct that must be realised in order for visitors' dreams to come true. The fact that different cultures have different priorities and codes makes meeting this challenge difficult. Aside from quality control, chance can derail even the most meticulously planned tour. This can occur due to natural or man-made disasters, accidents, or other unforeseen events. Tourism services are considered luxuries and are not given the same level of attention as other industries that are essential. Locals often oppose tourism because they see it as an expression of Five Star culture, widening the gap between their lifestyle and that of tourists.

Q2. How is history used as a tourism product? Elaborate with examples. 20

Ans) In international tourism, India is primarily a cultural destination – these are the aspects of India that are marketed as a tourism product on the international circuit. History and its by-products remain top attractions not only in international tourism but also in domestic tourism. People frequently plan their trips to get a sense of their cultural heritage as well as a variety of other interests. Indeed, tourism is perhaps the most important area today where history appears to be acting as a draw, a pull factor, or a product for tourists to consume.

As a tourism product it figures in the:

1. promotional literature,

2. travel and tourism writings,

3. descriptions and interpretations provided by the guides and escorts.

The tourism industry has a long history of selling historical destinations and museums as travel packages. The importance of history has grown in tandem with the growth of special interest tourism. For example, those interested in painting may be drawn to the Ajanta caves or Bhimbhetka; tourists to Rajasthan are drawn to the forts and palaces; and those interested in temple architecture will find plenty of options. In many cases, fairs and festivals have become popular tourist attractions because they demonstrate both continuity and change. Age-old rituals, traditions, and customs are presented in a contemporary setting at these fairs and festivals. Leh's Hemiz festival, Goa's Carnival, Pushkar's Cattle Fair, and Kerala's Boat Races are just a few examples. In addition, shopping and entertainment are influenced by history. Many tourists are interested in the history of the designs, styles, and other characteristics of the jewellery or crafts they want to buy; theme dinners are based on historical events, and sound and light shows bring historical periods to life. All of this will keep tourists entertained. As a result, tourism professionals must have a thorough understanding of history.

A situation can be found in fables, which depict animals behaving in human-like ways. Folklore or folk tales are traditional stories whose existence is unproven, but which are widely heard. Consider the legends attributed to Akbar and Birbal. They can't be explained in historical terms. However, they are excellent examples of social satire, wit, and so on. Similarly, when one is unable to physically challenge the political order, certain jokes demonstrate symbolic passive protest as a form of mental satisfaction. You've probably heard the joke about the Englishman who was served saag (vegetable) on a maize chapatti. "Thank you and please take back your plate," he said as he ate the saag and returned the chapatti. What this demonstrates is that there are people ruling over us who have no idea what our lifestyles are like. Tourism is one area where myths and fables are frequently used to promote our culture's exotica. In doing so, it frequently falls into the trap of projecting these as "the history" of a particular culture or region. On the surface, this appears to be a very innocent and harmless situation. However, many people are unaware that presenting "history" in this manner can have disastrous consequences. It is sufficient to state here that, while historians use myths as a source for critical analysis, mythology is not history in and of itself.

Assignment B

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

Q3. Discuss briefly the essence of Buddhism. 10

Ans) The Essence of Buddhism

Concept of Dukha

According to Buddhism Dukha or pain or human misery is an integral part of life, and nobody can escape from it. This is evident in sickness, old age, death, reparation, and non-fulfilment of one’s desires. Buddha noticed these suffering as existing all around.

Reason for Dukha

Buddha said that the reason for misery or pain is the desire for wealth, power, pleasure, and continued existence, etc.

Ending Desire

To put an end to disappointment and suffering one must stop desiring. Buddha said that a person keeps taking new births to fulfil unsatisfied desires in one’s life. To achieve nirvana or salvation from the cycles of birth one should put an end to desires.

Way to Stop Desires – Eight-Fold Path

Buddha suggested Ashtang Marg or eight-fold path to put an end to desires. These paths are right views, right intentions, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right efforts, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

If a person follows these and other precepts, he/she can be free from the cycle of Religions of India births and deaths and attain nirvana or salvation.

Five Precepts

The ordinary members must follow five precepts. These relate to abstinence from:

1. taking life

2. stealing

3. adultery

4. telling lies or untruthfulness and

5. taking intoxicants

Ten Precepts

The mendicant members or monks must forsake family, occupation and society and lead a solitary life. They must follow ten Precepts. These are abstinence from:

1. taking life

2. stealing

3. sexual intercourse in any form

4. telling lies

5. taking intoxicants

6. eating at wrong hours

7. enjoying dancing, singing and instrumental music

8. using jewellery and ornaments

9. sleeping on high luxurious beds

10. taking money

Q4. Describe the main reason for the creation of French Riviera Resorts. 10

Ans) The development of specialized resorts in the global context dates to the 17th and 18th centuries. Mineral water available at places and faith in its medicinal property seems to have been the primary reason for the original patronage given to these resorts which were known as Spa resorts. Gradually these places secured additional facilities for pleasure and entertainment for the patients coming there for mineral water. In continental Europe Spa treatment is valued even today and the great Spas of Baden-Baden in Germany and Marianske Lazne (Marianbad) and Kar- lovy Vary (Carlslad) in Czecholsovakia are thronged with patients.

By the middle of the 18th century, attention began to be paid to the possible curative effects of seawater and sea bathing and the seaside resort began to appear as an alternative to the inland spa. Both the spas and the seaside resorts were embryonic tourist destinations. During the 19th century, resorts saw an expansion of accommodation. Rail travel brought within reach the coastal resorts. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did the concept of relaxation began to appear. The medicinal properties of resorts influence their development in other ways. The treatment of tuberculosis was a principal factor in the creation of the French Riviera resorts favoured by the British. Later many sanatoriums were established in Switzerland for treatment of tuberculosis.

The factors that have led to changes in the demand for traditional holiday accommodation, particularly increasing motorization, have influenced demand for traditional resorts. The curative powers of mineral springs lost some credibility in the mid-20th century and the traditional spa is either disappearing or changing its nature. Improving mobility by car has turned resorts close to large centres of population into dormitory suburbs.

Q5. What do you understand by international standards in tourism? 10

Ans) Tourism has grown and expanded in Western Europe and North America over the course of the modern era, with these regions accounting for 80 percent of all international tourism. Back then, the Third World was not represented among the top ten tourism destinations, but nowadays, even the destinations of the Third World can be included on the tourism radar. In a similar vein, Western Europe and North America were the most important tourist-generating countries. As a result, tourists demanded services that were similar to those that they were used to receiving at home. Consequently, we can see that western-style hotels have displaced traditional accommodations, and air transportation has displaced rail and road transportation. In part, this was due to Indian standards for quality, which are lower than those developed for sparsely populated industrialised countries, which had access to and used 60 percent of the world's resources at the time the later was confirmed to be inferior.

However, modern tourism is focusing on adventure tourism, solo travel (backpackers), ecotourism, agritourism, and food tourism, among other things. Travelers who want to learn about local places, people, and culture are looking for travel and lodging options that are flexible. The popularity of Airbnb and an increase in homestays in both popular and less popular destinations have confirmed that new age tourists want to get out of their comfort zones. Air conditioning, running hot and cold water, safe drinking water, and western hygiene standards were previously an unavoidable consequence of wanting to participate in the global tourism market. This trend has been replaced by the basic needs of a place to stay, hot food, and a welcoming host.

Assignment C

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

Q6. How can tourism be a threat to itself? 6

Ans) Aiming for political, economic, and income gains, the WTO promotes tourism as the world's fastest growing industry. Tourism is under threat from everything. The Travel Trade's approach is to match choices with products from diverse producers. Anything that disrupts this relationship threatens tourism. Visitors and residents do not see tourism as a threat or a hindrance to growth. The tourism industry and consumers vs. tourists and locals. These interactions can harm tourism. Threats and obstacles are usually perceived at the end. To understand a tourism threat, we must first identify it. It's hard. This type of conflict can occur between two specific parties (people, nations, or regions) (the West and the East). Tourism is thus threatened at both ends.

Q7. What is civilization? 6

Ans) A civilization is a complex society characterised by urbanisation, social stratification, a political system, and symbolic communication systems. Historically, "civilization" has been interpreted as a larger, "advanced" culture, in contrast to smaller, ostensibly primitive cultures. A civilization, in this broad sense, contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, such as nomadic pastoralists', Neolithic societies', or hunter-cultures; gatherer's however, it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Civilizations are densely populated settlements with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations engaged in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacturing, and trade. Civilization focuses power, allowing humans to exert control over the rest of nature, including other humans.

Q8. What do you mean by “Caliphate”? 6

Ans) A caliphate is an institution or public office that governs an Islamic-ruled territory. The person who holds this position is known as the caliph. The caliphates were historically Islamic polities that grew into multi-ethnic transnational empires. The Caliphate's political power fluctuated throughout history, but it lasted over a thousand years. Caliphate lasted from 632 until 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was officially disbanded. Over time, three major caliphates rose and fell: Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid. The Ottoman Caliphate claimed caliphal authority from 1517 and Sunni Islam as the official religion. It is worth noting that the Abbasid caliphs under Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) and Ayyubid Caliphate protection claimed to be caliphates throughout Islamic history. The first and last caliphs were Abu Bakr and Abdulmejid II.

Q9. Why were Olympic Games organized? 6

Ans) The Olympic Games paved the way for unprecedented human interaction. When it comes to the motivation for organising such a sporting event, the researchers have differing viewpoints. They believe it was a form of basic military training because the fit men were getting appointments in the army through this process, while a group of researchers claim that they believed it was God Zeus who was producing champions and that those who won were only because of God Zeus' grace, so by holding such events, they asserted Zeus' power and influence on humans. The efforts of Baron Pierre de Coubertin resulted in the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens. Initially, 13 countries took part in field and track events. The modern Olympic Games, with their motto "Citius, Altius, forties" (swifter, higher, stronger), maintain the glory of the ancient past.

Q10. Define “Urbanization”. 6

Ans) The population shift from rural to urban areas, the resulting decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change are all referred to as urbanisation. It is primarily the process by which towns and cities form and grow as more people move into central areas to live and work. While the terms are often used interchangeably, urbanisation and urban growth are not the same thing. Unlike urbanisation, which refers to the percentage of the total population that lives in cities, urban growth refers to the number of people who live there in absolute terms. Although urbanisation is frequently discussed in terms of countries that are currently industrialising and urbanising, all industrialised nations have gone through it at some point in their history. Furthermore, urbanisation is accelerating around the world.