Assignment Code: MPSE-009/Asst/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: MPSE-009

Assignment Name: Canada: Politics and Society

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

SECTION-I

Q1) Discuss the process of state building in the state of Canada.

Ans) The process of state-building in Canada reflects a complex interplay of historical, political, and cultural factors. Here are the key elements that contributed to the state-building process in Canada:

a) Colonial History: Canada's state-building began with European colonization, particularly under French and British rule. The British North America Act of 1867 united several colonies into the Dominion of Canada, marking the formation of a federal state structure.

b) Constitutional Evolution: The gradual evolution of Canada's constitution played a significant role in its state-building. The Constitution Act of 1867 established the federal system, delineating powers between the federal and provincial governments. Over time, there were subsequent amendments and developments, notably the patriation of the Constitution from the UK in 1982, which included the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

c) Federalism: The concept of federalism was crucial in the state-building process. Canada's federal structure allowed for the distribution of powers between the central government and provinces, balancing regional autonomy with national unity.

d) Nation-Building Efforts: Efforts to foster a sense of Canadian identity and unity among diverse linguistic, cultural, and regional groups were integral. Policies promoting bilingualism and multiculturalism aimed to accommodate and celebrate the country's diverse population.

e) Expansion and Integration: The expansion of territories and provinces contributed to Canada's state-building. Western expansion, including the incorporation of territories like Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, expanded the geographic boundaries and diversified the nation.

f) Political Reforms: Various political reforms and social policies aimed at nation-building and fostering inclusivity contributed to the state-building process. Initiatives such as social welfare programs, healthcare reforms, and education policies aimed to create a more equitable and cohesive society.

g) Indigenous Relations: Acknowledging and addressing the historical injustices towards Indigenous peoples has been a significant aspect of Canada's state-building. Reconciliation efforts, land rights negotiations, and the recognition of Indigenous self-governance have been crucial steps in this process.

Q2) How has the system of Federalism in Canada been developing? Explain.

Ans) The system of federalism in Canada has evolved and developed over time, marked by key constitutional amendments, legal decisions, and political dynamics. Here's an overview of the development of federalism in Canada:

a) Constitution Act, 1867: The foundation of Canada's federal system was laid with the British North America Act, 1867, now known as the Constitution Act, 1867. This legislation established a federal structure, dividing powers between the federal government and the provinces. The key principle was the distribution of powers into exclusive federal, exclusive provincial, and concurrent jurisdictions.

b) Provincial Powers: Provinces were granted significant powers over areas such as education, natural resources, and social welfare. This decentralized approach allowed provinces to address regional needs and preferences.

c) Judicial Interpretation: The interpretation of federalism by the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court of Canada, has played a crucial role in shaping the distribution of powers. Landmark decisions, such as the Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998), clarified the constitutional framework and the legality of secession.

d) Constitution Act, 1982: A significant development in Canada's federalism occurred with the patriation of the constitution from the United Kingdom in 1982. The Constitution Act, 1982, entrenched the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and included an amending formula. This gave provinces a formal role in constitutional amendments, enhancing their influence in the constitutional process.

e) Charlottetown Accord and Meech Lake Accord: In the late 20th century, there were attempts to reform the Canadian constitution with the Charlottetown Accord (1992) and the Meech Lake Accord (1987). Although these efforts were not successful, they highlighted debates over federal-provincial relations and issues such as Quebec's distinct status.

f) Evolution of Judicial Federalism: The Supreme Court has continued to play a crucial role in interpreting federalism, addressing disputes between the federal and provincial governments. Notable cases, including the Reference re Secession and the Reference re Assisted Human Reproduction (2004), have shaped the understanding of federal-provincial relations.

g) Asymmetrical Federalism: Over time, Canada has embraced asymmetrical federalism, recognizing the unique needs and characteristics of certain provinces. For example, agreements such as the Maastricht Treaty and the Charlottetown Accord acknowledged distinct arrangements for Quebec.

h) Intergovernmental Agreements: Canada has seen the growth of intergovernmental agreements as a means of addressing shared challenges. Agreements on healthcare funding, environmental issues, and economic cooperation demonstrate cooperative federalism in action.

Q3) Explain Canada’s major planks of foreign policy

Ans) The major planks of Canada's foreign policy include:

a) Multilateralism: Canada places a strong emphasis on engaging with the international community through multilateral institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and regional organizations. It supports the idea that global challenges require global solutions and actively participates in peacekeeping missions, conflict resolution, and humanitarian efforts.

b) Human Rights and Democracy: Canada is a vocal advocate for human rights and democracy on the global stage. It works to promote fundamental freedoms, gender equality, and the rule of law. Canada's foreign policy often includes efforts to address issues such as the rights of Indigenous peoples, LGBTQ+ rights, and freedom of expression.

c) Peacekeeping: Historically, Canada has been a significant contributor to international peacekeeping missions. While the nature of peacekeeping has evolved, Canada continues to support efforts to prevent conflicts, maintain peace, and rebuild societies affected by conflict.

d) Economic Diplomacy: Canada actively engages in economic diplomacy to promote trade, investment, and economic partnerships. It seeks to diversify its trade relationships and enhance economic ties with both traditional and emerging markets.

e) Arctic Sovereignty: Given its geographical location, Canada places importance on Arctic sovereignty. It asserts its rights over the Arctic region, addressing issues related to climate change, resource management, and cooperation with other Arctic nations through forums like the Arctic Council.

f) Climate Change and Environmental Stewardship: Canada is committed to addressing climate change and promoting environmental sustainability. It supports international agreements such as the Paris Agreement and engages in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, and advance sustainable development.

g) Security and Defense: Canada is a member of NATO and contributes to international security through military alliances. It participates in efforts to combat terrorism, respond to humanitarian crises, and contribute to international security and stability.

h) Development Assistance: Canada is active in providing development assistance to address global poverty and inequality. It supports initiatives related to health, education, gender equality, and sustainable development in various regions.

i) Diplomatic Engagement: Canada maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world. It engages in diplomatic efforts to resolve conflicts, promote dialogue, and address global challenges through diplomatic channels and international forums.

j) Refugee Protection and Immigration: Canada is known for its commitment to refugee protection and immigration. It participates in international efforts to address the global refugee crisis and advocates for inclusive and compassionate immigration policies.

SECTION

Write a short note on each part of the following question in about 250 words:

Q4a) India –Canada Relations

Ans) India and Canada share diplomatic relations marked by mutual cooperation across various sectors. Here are key aspects of their relations:

a) Trade and Investment: Bilateral trade between India and Canada has been steadily growing. Both countries have diverse economies, and there's potential for increased collaboration, particularly in sectors like technology, agriculture, energy, and education. Efforts to enhance trade relations have led to the negotiation of comprehensive economic agreements.

b) Strategic Partnership: India and Canada have strengthened their strategic partnership in recent years, focusing on areas such as security cooperation, counter-terrorism, and defense collaboration. They participate in joint military exercises and engage in dialogues on security issues.

c) People-to-People Ties: Strong cultural ties exist between India and Canada due to the Indian diaspora in Canada. These ties foster connections in education, tourism, and cultural exchanges. Both countries value educational linkages and student exchanges, contributing to a vibrant bilateral relationship.

d) Global Forums: India and Canada collaborate in various international forums like the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth, and various multilateral platforms. They share common interests in addressing global challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, and economic cooperation.

e) Science and Technology Collaboration: Both nations engage in scientific cooperation, research collaborations, and technology partnerships. There are joint initiatives in fields like clean energy, space research, and innovation.

f) Diplomatic Engagements: High-level visits and diplomatic dialogues contribute to strengthening ties between India and Canada. These engagements facilitate discussions on mutual concerns and opportunities for collaboration.

g) Indian Diaspora: The Indian community in Canada is vibrant and actively contributes to the socio-economic fabric of the country. They play a significant role in fostering people-to-people ties and enhancing bilateral relations.

Q4b) Canada –America Relations

Ans) Canada-U.S. relations are shaped by shared geography, history, and extensive economic, cultural, and political ties. Some key aspects include:

a) Trade and Economic Relations: The Canada-U.S. economic relationship is one of the largest in the world. Both countries are each other's largest trading partners, with billions of dollars exchanged in goods and services annually. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), now replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), facilitates this trade relationship.

b) Security and Defense: The two nations collaborate closely on defense and security matters. They are NATO allies and collaborate on continental defense through NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command). They share intelligence and coordinate efforts on various security issues, including counterterrorism.

c) Shared Border: The Canada-U.S. border is the longest undefended border globally and is vital for trade and travel. The countries work together on border security while aiming to ensure efficient trade and people-to-people exchanges.

d) Cultural Exchange: Canada and the U.S. have strong cultural ties, sharing a language, similar values, and similar media and entertainment industries. There's a continuous exchange of ideas, people, and cultural products between the two countries.

e) Diplomatic Relations: Both nations have a long history of diplomatic cooperation and collaboration on international issues. They frequently align their positions on various global issues, including climate change, peacekeeping, and human rights.

f) Disputes and Resolutions: Despite strong ties, occasional disagreements occur on issues like trade practices, environmental policies, and resource management. These disputes are usually resolved through diplomatic negotiations or mechanisms like international arbitration.

g) Leadership and Partnership: Both countries have a tradition of leaders meeting regularly and engaging in bilateral dialogues. The personal relationships between Canadian and U.S. leaders often influence the broader relationship between the two countries.

Q5a) Canadian aid programme in India

Ans) As of my last knowledge update in January 2023, Canada's aid program in India reflects the diplomatic, economic, and developmental ties between the two countries. Several key points highlight the nature of Canadian aid to India:

a) Development Assistance: Canada's aid to India encompasses a range of developmental initiatives aimed at addressing challenges related to poverty, education, healthcare, and sustainable development. The focus is often on projects and programs that contribute to long-term socio-economic development.

b) Global Issues: In addition to bilateral aid, Canada and India collaborate on addressing global challenges such as climate change, gender equality, and health crises. This reflects a broader commitment to international cooperation and shared responsibility.

c) Education and Skill Development: Canadian aid initiatives in India often include projects related to education and skill development. These efforts aim to enhance the quality of education, promote vocational training, and empower individuals for better economic prospects.

d) Healthcare Initiatives: Canada has supported various healthcare projects in India, with a focus on improving healthcare infrastructure, maternal and child health, and addressing communicable diseases. These initiatives contribute to India's efforts to strengthen its healthcare system.

e) Partnerships with NGOs and Organizations: Canadian aid is often channelled through partnerships with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies. Collaborating with local entities helps ensure that aid programs are effectively implemented at the grassroots level.

f) Humanitarian Assistance: Canada provides humanitarian assistance to India during emergencies and natural disasters. This includes financial aid, relief supplies, and support for recovery and rebuilding efforts in affected regions.

g) Trade and Investment: While not strictly aid, Canada's engagement with India also involves trade and investment, contributing to economic growth and job creation. Bilateral trade and investment can be viewed as part of a comprehensive approach to fostering sustainable development.

Q5b) India’s trade with Canada

Ans) India's trade with Canada has been marked by steady growth, reflecting the economic ties and bilateral relations between the two countries. Here are key points to consider regarding India's trade with Canada:

a) Bilateral Trade Volume: India and Canada have witnessed an increase in their bilateral trade volume over the years. Both countries have engaged in efforts to enhance economic cooperation and explore new avenues for trade and investment.

b) Diversification of Trade: Trade between India and Canada is characterized by the diversification of goods and services. While traditionally dominated by sectors such as minerals and metals, there has been an effort to expand trade to include a broader range of products, including agricultural goods, pharmaceuticals, and technology.

c) Export and Import Dynamics: India exports various products to Canada, including gems and jewellery, textiles, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and information technology services. On the other hand, Canada exports products like minerals, fertilizers, pulp, paper, and machinery to India.

d) Information Technology Sector: The IT sector has played a significant role in India's trade with Canada. Indian IT companies have established a presence in Canada, contributing to technological collaboration and job creation.

e) Energy Cooperation: The energy sector is another area of collaboration. Canada is known for its significant energy resources, and discussions have taken place regarding the potential for increased cooperation in areas such as oil and gas.

f) Trade Agreements: The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Canada has been under discussion to facilitate trade and investment. Such agreements aim to reduce tariffs, eliminate trade barriers, and create a more conducive environment for economic collaboration.

g) Investment Flows: In addition to trade, there has been a flow of investments between the two countries. Indian companies have invested in sectors such as natural resources, while Canadian companies have explored opportunities in India's growing market.

h) Challenges and Opportunities: While the trade relationship has been positive, challenges such as regulatory issues, market access barriers, and differences in trade policies have been identified. Efforts have been made to address these challenges and create a more favourable environment for trade and investment.