Assignment Code: MPSE-012/Asst/TMA/2023-24

Course Code: MPSE-012

Assignment Name: State and Society in Australia

Year: 2023-2024

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

SECTION- I

Q1) Explain the main features of Australian population.

Ans) The Australian population exhibits several distinctive features shaped by historical, geographical, and socio-economic factors.

Here are some key characteristics:

a) Diversity: Australia is a multicultural society with a rich tapestry of cultural backgrounds. A significant portion of its population consists of immigrants and descendants from various parts of the world, contributing to its diversity. Indigenous Australians, comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, also form an integral part of the nation's identity.

b) Urban Concentration: The majority of Australians reside in urban areas, particularly along the eastern and southeastern coastlines. Cities like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth are major population centers, attracting both domestic migrants and immigrants due to employment opportunities, lifestyle, and amenities.

c) Age Structure: Australia has an aging population, with a growing proportion of elderly citizens due to longer life expectancy and declining birth rates. This demographic shift poses challenges related to healthcare, social services, and workforce sustainability.

d) Immigration and Migration: Immigration plays a significant role in Australia's population growth. The country has a history of immigration, with policies that have encouraged skilled migration and family reunification. Immigration has contributed to the cultural richness and economic vitality of the nation.

e) Regional Disparities: While urban areas thrive, there are disparities in population distribution between urban and rural regions. Remote areas often face challenges related to access to services, infrastructure, and economic opportunities, leading to population concentration in certain regions.

f) Cultural Diversity: Australia's population encompasses a wide array of cultures, languages, and religions. This diversity is celebrated and supported by government policies promoting multiculturalism and social cohesion.

g) Indigenous Population: The Indigenous population, comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, represents a distinct cultural heritage. Efforts to address historical injustices and promote reconciliation have been ongoing, aiming to improve the socio-economic conditions and recognition of Indigenous Australians.

Understanding and managing these demographic features are crucial for Australia's policies related to immigration, social services, healthcare, infrastructure development, and fostering social cohesion among its diverse population.

Q2) What led to the decline of a white Australian and emergence of a multicultural society?

Ans) The shift from a predominantly "White Australia" policy to the emergence of a multicultural society in Australia was influenced by several factors:

a) End of the White Australia Policy: The White Australia Policy, a series of laws from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries, aimed to restrict non-European immigration and maintain a predominantly Anglo-Celtic population. However, after World War II, there was a shift in policies, partially due to changing attitudes, the influence of international human rights movements, and the recognition of the need for post-war reconstruction and labor force expansion.

b) Post-War Immigration: Following World War II, Australia faced labor shortages and sought to rebuild its economy. The government initiated migration programs, inviting people from European countries such as Italy, Greece, and Eastern Europe to immigrate to Australia under various schemes, including the 'Populate or Perish' policy. This influx of immigrants diversified the population.

c) Endorsement of Multiculturalism: In the 1970s and 1980s, Australia officially embraced multiculturalism as a policy. The government recognized and celebrated cultural diversity, encouraging the preservation of ethnic identities while promoting social cohesion and equal opportunities for all Australians regardless of their cultural backgrounds. This shift in policy aimed to build a more inclusive and harmonious society.

d) Globalization and Global Connectivity: Australia, like many other nations, experienced the effects of globalization. Increased connectivity, trade, and communication facilitated cultural exchange and migration flows, leading to a more diverse population. This diversity was further accentuated by the rise in global mobility and the ease of travel and communication.

e) Human Rights and Social Movements: The advocacy for human rights and equal treatment for all individuals, regardless of race or ethnicity, played a significant role in shaping Australian society. Activism and social movements promoted inclusivity, anti-discrimination laws, and policies that recognized and valued cultural diversity.

f) Economic Benefits and Cultural Enrichment: Over time, Australians recognized the economic benefits of immigration, such as a more dynamic labor force and cultural enrichment through diverse perspectives, arts, cuisines, and traditions.

Q3) Describe the welfare state tradition in Australia. How has it changed?

Ans) Australia has a robust welfare state tradition, historically rooted in the belief in providing social security and support to its citizens. Here's an overview of its evolution and changes:

a) Early Welfare Measures:

1) Pioneering Initiatives: Australia has a long history of pioneering social welfare initiatives. In the early 20th century, it introduced measures such as the age pension and workers' compensation, marking the beginnings of its welfare state.

2) Social Security System: Post-World War II, Australia expanded its social security system, introducing programs like family allowances, unemployment benefits, and healthcare reforms. These initiatives aimed to provide a safety net for citizens and ensure basic standards of living.

b) Development and Expansion:

1) Periods of Expansion: Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, Australia's welfare state expanded significantly. The introduction of Medicare in the 1980s established a universal healthcare system, providing access to medical services for all citizens.

2) Income Support Programs: Various income support programs were implemented to assist vulnerable groups such as the elderly, people with disabilities, single parents, and the unemployed. These programs aimed to alleviate poverty and promote social inclusion.

c) Changes and Challenges:

1) Shifts in Policy Focus: Over time, there has been a shift in policy focus, emphasizing economic efficiency and targeting welfare spending. There have been attempts to balance social support with fiscal responsibility, leading to reforms aimed at reducing expenditure and streamlining welfare programs.

2) Privatization and Outsourcing: There has been a trend toward privatization and outsourcing of some welfare services. The involvement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private providers in delivering welfare services has increased.

3) Conditional Welfare: There has been an introduction of more conditional welfare policies, requiring recipients to meet certain criteria or engage in activities such as job-seeking or training to receive benefits. This shift aims to promote self-reliance and workforce participation.

4) Debate on Sustainability: Discussions on the sustainability of welfare programs, particularly in an aging population and amid economic challenges, have prompted debates about the long-term viability of certain benefits and services.

d) Recent Reforms:

1) Policy Reforms: Recent reforms have focused on recalibrating welfare policies to encourage workforce participation, reduce welfare dependency, and improve the efficiency of social services.

2) Digital Transformation: Efforts have been made to modernize welfare services through digital transformation, making access to services more efficient and user-friendly.

SECTION- II

Write a short note on each part of the following questions in about 250 words.

Q4a) Indian diaspora in Australia

Ans) The Indian diaspora in Australia constitutes a vibrant and diverse community that has grown significantly in recent decades. Here are key aspects of the Indian diaspora in Australia:

a) Population Growth: The Indian community in Australia has witnessed substantial growth. According to census data, the Indian-born population in Australia has surged over the years, with significant increases seen in cities like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Perth.

b) Diversity: The Indian diaspora in Australia is incredibly diverse, representing various linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds from India. People from regions such as Punjab, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and others have contributed to this rich mosaic of cultures.

c) Education and Employment: A notable portion of the Indian diaspora in Australia comprises students pursuing higher education. Indian students are drawn to Australian universities for quality education and research opportunities. Additionally, many Indians have migrated to Australia for employment, contributing to various sectors, including information technology, healthcare, finance, and academia.

d) Community Organizations and Cultural Activities: The Indian community in Australia actively participates in cultural, social, and religious activities. Numerous community organizations, temples, cultural associations, and social groups have been established, fostering a sense of belonging and preserving Indian cultural heritage.

e) Entrepreneurship and Business: Members of the Indian diaspora have made significant contributions to the Australian economy through entrepreneurship and business ventures. Many Indian-origin entrepreneurs have established successful businesses, contributing to Australia's economic growth and innovation.

f) Integration and Contribution: The Indian diaspora has integrated well into Australian society while retaining their cultural identity. They have contributed to the multicultural fabric of the nation, enriching it with their traditions, cuisines, arts, and festivals.

g) Challenges and Successes: While many have successfully integrated into Australian society, the Indian diaspora, like any other, faces challenges related to cultural adaptation, discrimination, and navigating immigration and settlement processes. However, their contributions to various fields underscore their resilience and success in Australia.

Q4b) Women in politics in Australia

Ans) Women in politics in Australia have made significant strides, yet challenges persist in achieving gender parity and equal representation. Here's an overview:

a) Historical Context: Australia's political landscape historically marginalized women from active political participation. It wasn't until the early 20th century that women gained the right to vote and stand for election. In 1943, Enid Lyons became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives.

b) Representation: Despite progress, women remain underrepresented in Australian politics. While the proportion of women in federal parliament has increased over the years, it still falls short of gender parity. Women make up around one-third of federal parliamentarians.

c) Barriers to Entry: Structural barriers, including party preselection processes, gender biases, and cultural norms, contribute to the underrepresentation of women. Discrimination, stereotypes, and challenges balancing political careers with family responsibilities also hinder women's political advancement.

d) Initiatives and Policies: Efforts to address gender imbalance include the implementation of quotas and targets by some political parties. These measures aim to increase the number of women in candidate selection processes and party leadership positions.

e) Trailblazers and Leadership: Notable female leaders like Julia Gillard, who served as Australia's first female Prime Minister, have broken barriers and inspired a new generation of women in politics. Their leadership has sparked discussions about gender equality and representation.

f) Advocacy and Activism: Women's advocacy groups, NGOs, and grassroots movements actively campaign for gender equality in politics. They push for policy changes, support aspiring female politicians, and raise awareness about the importance of women's representation in decision-making roles.

g) Challenges Ahead: Despite progress, challenges persist, including the need for cultural shifts within political parties, addressing gender biases in media coverage, and creating more supportive environments for women in political careers.

Q5a) Politics of recognition

Ans) The "politics of recognition" refers to a framework within political theory that focuses on the acknowledgment and validation of various social identities, cultural groups, and historically marginalized communities within a society. Here's an overview:

a) Recognition of Identities:

1) Identity and Diversity: The politics of recognition acknowledges the diverse identities present within a society beyond mainstream or dominant identities. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing and respecting these identities, whether based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, or culture.

2) Marginalized Groups: It particularly addresses historically marginalized or oppressed groups, seeking acknowledgment and respect for their distinct identities, experiences, and contributions. This includes Indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+ communities, and others who have faced discrimination and marginalization.

b) Key Principles:

1) Equal Dignity: The framework emphasizes that all individuals and groups deserve equal dignity and respect. It challenges hierarchies that devalue certain identities or cultures.

2) Cultural Rights: It highlights the importance of cultural rights and the preservation of cultural heritage for minority groups. This includes language rights, religious freedoms, and the protection of cultural practices.

c) Political Implications:

1) Social Justice: The politics of recognition intersects with social justice movements, advocating for policies that address systemic inequalities and promote inclusivity. It seeks to rectify past injustices and empower marginalized communities.

2) Multiculturalism and Pluralism: In societies with diverse populations, the politics of recognition supports multiculturalism and pluralism. It promotes the coexistence of various cultures, fostering a more inclusive and tolerant society.

d) Criticisms and Debates:

1) Identity Politics: Critics argue that excessive focus on identity can lead to division and a prioritization of group identities over shared citizenship or common goals.

2) Balancing Recognition and Redistribution: There's a debate about balancing the politics of recognition with policies focused on socioeconomic redistribution. Some argue that focusing solely on recognition might overlook material inequalities.

Q5b) Citizenship in Australia

Ans) Citizenship in Australia represents belonging, rights, and responsibilities within the nation. Here are key aspects:

a) Acquisition of Citizenship: Citizenship in Australia can be acquired through birth, descent, or by application. Those born in Australia to at least one Australian citizen or permanent resident parent typically gain citizenship by birth. Citizenship by descent applies to children born overseas to Australian citizens. Eligible migrants can apply for citizenship after meeting residency requirements, language proficiency, and passing a citizenship test.

b) Rights and Privileges: Australian citizens enjoy several rights and privileges, including the right to vote in federal, state, and local elections, eligibility for government employment, access to social security benefits, the ability to apply for an Australian passport, and the right to receive consular assistance while abroad.

c) Responsibilities: Citizenship in Australia also entails responsibilities. Citizens are expected to obey the laws, participate in the democratic process by voting in elections, serve on a jury if called upon, and defend Australia should the need arise. There's an emphasis on respecting the country's values of freedom, equality, and the rule of law.

d) Dual Citizenship: Australia allows dual citizenship, enabling individuals to hold citizenship from another country concurrently with Australian citizenship. However, some countries may have restrictions or prohibitions on dual citizenship, so individuals should be aware of their respective countries' laws regarding this.

e) Citizenship Ceremonies: Becoming an Australian citizen often involves attending a citizenship ceremony. These ceremonies are meaningful events where new citizens publicly pledge their loyalty to Australia and receive their citizenship certificates. These ceremonies celebrate the diversity and unity of the Australian nation.

f) Citizenship by Investment: Australia also offers pathways to citizenship through investment visas, where individuals can obtain residency leading to citizenship by making significant investments in the country's economy.