Assignment Code: MSD-019/TMA/2023

Course Code: MSD-019

Assignment Name: Global Strategies to Sustainable Development

Year: 2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Q1) Define the term poverty. Write a brief note on SDG 1 and India’s achievement.

Ans) Poverty: Poverty is when a person or a community doesn't have enough money to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. This is below the minimum standard of living for that person or community. It is often marked by a lack of access to basic services like education, health care, and clean water. It is also often accompanied by low levels of education and few job opportunities. Poverty is a worldwide problem that affects a lot of people, especially in developing nations.

Sustainable Development Goal: The first Sustainable Development Goal, or SDG 1, is to "end all forms of poverty everywhere." "No Poverty" is the official phrase. The goal is to get rid of all kinds of poverty, even extreme poverty, and make sure that everyone has access to food, shelter, and clothing. Its other goal is to make sure that everyone has the same chances and access to resources, services, and markets.

Measures taken by the Indian Government: India has made a lot of progress in reducing poverty over the past few decades. This is because poverty reduction has been a major development goal for the country. But poverty is still a problem, and about 22% of India's population is still thought to live below the poverty line.

The Indian government has put in place a number of programmes and schemes to help reduce poverty. These include the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. These programmes and schemes are meant to improve the lives of the poor and give them food, shelter, and jobs.

1. The Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana gives people in poor areas access to banking, credit, insurance, and pensions, among other financial services (PMJDY).

2. So far, 377 million accounts have been opened, and INR 1079 billion has been put into them.

3. PMJDY also lets people get their benefits directly deposited into their bank accounts and makes social security work better.

4. Putting the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) programme into action helps reach the goal of making primary health care available to everyone.

5. By 2022, nearly 1.5 million Sub-Centres and Primary Health Centres will be turned into Health and Wellness Centres to provide comprehensive, affordable, and high-quality primary care close to home. This will make sure that everyone has access to care and that everyone gets the same care.

6. Ayushman Bharat is a part of the programme that is meant to go along with it. Its goal is to give health insurance coverage of up to INR 5,000,000 per family per year for secondary and tertiary institutional care to 500 million people from over 100 million poor and vulnerable families.

7. People have already signed up for the programme 89.4 million times, and 3.4 million have used the services.

8. Through the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), which gave INR 200 billion to 243 million beneficiaries in 2018-19, pensions were given to poor and vulnerable people like the elderly, widows, and people with disabilities.

9. Life insurance, personal accident insurance, and pensions are becoming easier for people who work in the unorganised sector to get.

10. The "Housing for All by 2022" initiative makes sure that everyone has access to safe housing, which is an important part of essential services.

11. Households that are struggling financially are given money to help them build homes with the basics.

12. All homes in the country now have access to electricity because of the Saubhagya scheme.

13. Getting Stronger.

14. India is at risk for a lot of different kinds of natural disasters.

15. Nearly 60% of the landmass is at risk of earthquakes, 12% is at risk of flooding and river erosion, 76% of the more than 7500 km of coastline is at risk of cyclones and tsunamis, and slightly more than two-thirds of the land that can be farmed is at risk of droughts.

16. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) emergencies and other disasters caused by people still pose a high risk.

17. As required by the Disaster Management Act of 2005, the National Policy on Disaster Management from 2009 is in place. It calls for a proactive approach to prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, which is a big change from the previous strategy, which was focused on relief.

18. The SDGs and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction are both part of the National

Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), which is focused on being resilient to disasters.

In conclusion, India has made a lot of progress in reducing poverty and boosting economic growth, but there is still a lot to do to make sure that the growth is sustainable and benefits everyone. Together with civil society and the private sector, the government must keep working hard to reach the goal of "No Poverty" by 2030.

Q2) What are the major targets and indicators of SDG-3?

Ans) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-3) is "Good Health and Well-being", which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. The goal covers a wide range of health-related issues, such as getting access to good health care, preventing and controlling disease, and encouraging people to live healthy lives.

SDG 3 has 13 goals and 28 ways to measure how well those goals are being met. For sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda to work, people need to be healthy. It focuses on bigger issues like economic and social inequality, urbanisation, the climate crisis, the continued burden of HIV and other infectious diseases, and new problems like noncommunicable diseases. Let's talk more about some of them:

Target 3.1: Reduction of Maternal Mortality: Bring the number of deaths of mothers around the world down to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.

1. Indicator 3.1.1: The rate of death among mothers.

2. Indicator 3.1.2: The percentage of births that are attended by people who have been trained to supervise, care for, and give advice to women during pregnancy, labour, and the postpartum period, to help women give birth on their own, and to take care of new-borns.

Target 3.2: Reduction of Child Mortality:: Stop babies and kids under 5 from dying in ways that can be prevented.

1. Indicator 3.2.1: Under-5 mortality rate. The under-5 mortality rate measures the number of children per 1,000 live births who die before their fifth birthday.

2. Indicator 3.2.2: Rate of death in new-borns.

Target 3.3: Combating Communicable Diseases: Stop the spread of diseases like AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and "neglected tropical diseases" by 2030. Also, fight hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other diseases that can be passed from person to person.

1. Indicator 3.3.1: Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 people who are not infected with HIV.

2. Indicator 3.3.2: How often tuberculosis occurs and how many people die from it.

3. Indicator 3.3.3: Malaria incidence per 1,000 population

4. Indicator 3.3.4: Incidence of Hepatitis B per 100,000 people

Target 3.4: Reduce Mortality from Non-Communicable Diseases and Promote Mental Health: Reduce early deaths from noncommunicable diseases by one-third by 2030 through prevention and treatment and improve mental health and well-being.

1. Indicator 3.4.1: The number of deaths caused by heart disease, cancer, diabetes, or long-term lung disease.

2. Indicator 3.4.2: Rate of people who die by suicide.

Target 3.5: Prevent and Treat Substance Abuse: Increase efforts to stop and treat drug abuse, including the use of narcotics and alcohol in harmful ways. Indicator

1. Indicator 3.5.1: Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders

2. Indicator 3.5.2: Harmful use of alcohol, which is defined by the national context as the amount of pure alcohol per person in a calendar year.

Target 3.6: Reduce Road Injuries and Deaths: Half the number of deaths and injuries caused by car accidents around the world by 2020.

1. Indicator 3.6.1: Is the number of people who die from injuries caused by cars.

Target 3.7: Universal Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health: By 2030, make sure that everyone has access to sexual and reproductive health care services, such as family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes.

1. Indicator 3.7.1: The number of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 whose need for family planning is met by modern methods of birth control.

2. Indicator 3.7.2: Rate of births to teenagers for every 1,000 women in that age group.

Target 3.8: Universal Health Coverage:  Achieve universal health coverage, which includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services, and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for everyone.

1. Indicator 3.8.1: The number of people who have access to basic health care services.

2. Indicator 3.8.2: The percentage of the population whose households spend a lot of money on health care as a percentage of their total spending or income.

Target 3.9: Climate Change and Health: Reduce by a large amount, by 2030, the number of deaths and illnesses caused by dangerous chemicals and polluted air, water, and soil.

1. Indicator 3.9.1: The number of deaths that can be linked to pollution in home and outside air.

2. Indicator 3.9.2: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene.

3. Indicator 3.9.3: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning.

3.a. Tobacco Control: Make sure that the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is put into place better in all countries, as needed.

3.b. Medicines and Vaccines: Support research and development of vaccines and medicines for diseases that are spread through contact and those that aren't spread through contact that mostly affect developing countries. Provide affordable access to essential medicines and vaccines in line with the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, which says that developing countries have the right to use all of the flexibilities in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement) to protect public health and, in particular, to make sure that everyone has access to medicines.

3.c. Health Financing and Workforce: Significantly increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training, and retention of health workers in developing countries, especially in the least developed countries and small island developing states.

3.d. Preparedness for Emergencies: Give all countries, but especially developing countries, more tools for early warning, reducing risks, and managing national and global health risks.

Q3) Why gender equality is important for Sustainable Development? Discuss the major India’s challenges for achieving SDG -5.

Ans) Equality between men and women is not only a basic human right, but also a necessary building block for a peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world. At the moment, 1 in 5 women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 have said that an intimate partner hurt them physically or sexually in the past year. In 49 countries, there are no laws that protect women from domestic violence. Harmful practises like child marriage and female genital mutilation have dropped by 30% in the last 10 years, but there is still a lot of work to be done to get rid of them completely. Giving women and girls equal access to education, health care, decent work, and a voice in political and economic decision-making will help build strong economies and help people in general.

Gender equality is an important part of sustainable development because it makes sure that everyone, no matter what gender they are, has the same chances to take part in and contribute to the social, economic, and political growth of their communities and countries. This is good for women and girls, but it is also good for the health and wealth of families, communities, and societies as a whole. In line with this, the fifth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 5) is all about making sure men and women have the same rights and giving women and girls more power. The SDG 5 targets and indicators aim to get rid of all kinds of discrimination and violence against women and girls, make sure that everyone has the same access to education, health care, and economic opportunities, and make it easier for women to take part in decision-making and lead.

India, like many other countries, still has a long way to go to make sure that men and women have the same rights. Some of the most important problems are:

1. India has a deeply rooted patriarchal culture, which makes it hard for women to get an education, get health care, or work. Because of this, there is a big difference between men's and women's rates of education, jobs, and income.

2. There is a lot of domestic violence, sexual assault, and trafficking against women in India. Violence like this is often not reported, and the justice system doesn't always protect and help victims well enough.

3. Even though India has made progress in recent years, many women and girls still don't have access to good education and health care. This includes having access to services for sexual and reproductive health, which are very important for the health and well-being of women.

4. Women in India still have a hard time getting jobs, loans, and property, and they have limited access to credit. This means that there is still a pay gap between men and women and that many women live in poverty.

5. Women are still underrepresented in politics and decision-making in India, even though there has been some progress in recent years. This means that their views and needs are often not considered or met when policies and decisions are made.

India needs to take a comprehensive and integrated approach to gender equality that addresses the root causes of discrimination and inequality based on gender in order to solve these problems. For this to happen, the government, civil society, the private sector, and international organisations all need to work together.

To achieve SDG 5, India can do the following:

Strengthening the Legal and Policy Framework: India needs to strengthen its legal and policy framework to stop violence against women, make sure that men and women have the same access to education, health care, and economic opportunities, and encourage women to take part in decision-making processes and lead them. India needs to make sure that all women and girls have access to quality education and health care, including services for sexual and reproductive health. This will require a lot of money to be spent on education and health care, as well as more education about how important these services are.

Promoting Economic Empowerment: India needs to take steps to give women equal access to jobs, credit, and property, among other things, in order to promote economic empowerment for women. This will require changes in the way people think and do business, as well as policies and programmes to help.

Getting more People Involved in Politics: India needs to encourage and help women get involved in politics, such as by putting quotas on the number of women in political and decision-making positions. This will help make sure that women's needs and ideas are taken into account when policies and decisions are made.

Q4) Explain the different dimensions of development in context of SDG 11.

Ans) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 focuses on making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. This goal recognizes that cities play a vital role in the development of a nation and the well-being of its citizens, and that sustainable urbanization is critical to achieving sustainable development. In order to achieve this goal, there are different dimensions of development that need to be considered, including social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions.

Social Dimension: This dimension focuses on ensuring access to basic services, housing, and social protection for all, regardless of income, gender, or other factors. This includes ensuring access to education, health care, and affordable housing, as well as reducing social inequalities and discrimination. It also involves promoting social cohesion, active citizenship, and community participation, as well as addressing gender-based violence and promoting women's rights.

Economic Dimension: This dimension focuses on promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, creating decent work opportunities, and reducing poverty. This involves supporting entrepreneurship, innovation, and small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as encouraging investment in sustainable infrastructure and services. It also involves promoting access to financial services, digital technologies, and markets for all, especially for women and marginalized groups.

Environmental Dimension: This dimension focuses on reducing the environmental impact of cities and human settlements and promoting sustainable use of natural resources. This includes measures to improve air and water quality, reduce waste, and promote sustainable energy use. It also involves promoting green spaces, sustainable transportation, and resilient urban infrastructure, as well as ensuring access to adequate and safe drinking water and sanitation.

Physical Dimension: This dimension focuses on the physical design and infrastructure of cities and human settlements, and includes measures to improve access to public spaces, reduce urban sprawl, and promote compact, connected, and coordinated urban development. It also involves improving urban planning and governance, and ensuring the protection and conservation of cultural and natural heritage.

Each of these dimensions is interdependent and mutually reinforcing, and they must all be addressed in order to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban development. For example, promoting sustainable economic growth can lead to improvements in social outcomes, such as reduced poverty and increased access to basic services. Similarly, improving access to green spaces and reducing environmental impact can have positive effects on health and well-being.

In conclusion, the different dimensions of development in the context of SDG 11 are interrelated and must be considered together in order to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban development. Addressing these dimensions requires the active participation of all stakeholders, including governments, civil society, the private sector, and individuals, and it requires a long-term and integrated approach that takes into account the complex interplay of social, economic, environmental, and physical factors.