Assignment Code: BPCC – 105 / Asst /TMA /2021-22

Course Code: BPCC - 105

Assignment Name: Psychological Research

Year: 2021 – 2022 ((July 2021 & January 2022 Sessions)

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

NOTE: All questions are compulsory.

Assignment One

Answer the following questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

3 x 20 = 60

Q1. Discuss the steps involved in psychological research. Explain the ethical issues related to psychological research. (10+ 10)

Ans) A research process includes the following steps:

Step 1: Develop a research idea:

It starts with a research idea. So, choose a researchable issue or problem. Finding research ideas can be as simple as looking around or talking to experts. It is critical to read existing reviews or studies on the topic of interest. Cite relevant articles, research papers, books, etc. Reviewing the literature helps avoid duplication. Not all issues or problems require further research. Based on the review, more research can be done on the same issue, revealing new facets.

Step 2: Defining the issue and hypotheses:

A problem statement and hypotheses can be developed once the research idea has been identified. Using the previous example, the problem could be stated as “studying caregivers' resilience, mental health, and adjustment”.

Step 3: Choose an appropriate research design:

The problem dictates the research design. The study is structured. The goal of research design is to provide valid, objective, accurate, and cost-effective answers. Research designs help control variance, maximising true variance and minimising error variance.

Step 4: Data Collection:

After deciding on a problem statement, hypothesis, and research design, data collection begins. First, define the population and sample. Our example population is "caregivers of chronically ill patients." This includes sample size and sampling method.

Finalize interview, observation, and psychological test tools. Standardised psychological tests can be used to assess resilience, mental health, and adjustment. Data can be collected once the sample and tools are ready.

Step 5: Data analysis:

Step 4 data will be analysed. Q&A and Q&A are both used in Interviews or observations collected by the researcher will be analysed qualitatively. In this case, the raw score can be statistically analysed.

Step 6: Draw conclusions and generalise:

In other words, data analysis can generalise sample results to the population. In addition, researchers, experts, students, and the general public must be adequately informed.

Before conducting any research, the following significant ethical issues must be considered:

1. A study should be carried out in such a way that it benefits rather than harms participants. As a result, any potential risk to the participants must be identified and eliminated, as well as their consent to participate in the study.

2. All research must safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of participants. The researcher must avoid disclosing the identities of the participants. It's possible that participants want their privacy and don't want others to know they took part in the study. Participants' names can be replaced with codes to protect privacy and confidentiality.

3. The participant is anonymous to the researcher. Participants may object to others knowing they participated in the study, but not to the details of their performance being revealed.

4. In order to give informed consent, participants must be made aware of the research. Berg defines informed consent as "individuals' knowing consent to participate in an activity of their choice, free of any elements of deception or fraud." When deception is used in psychological research, as when naturalistic observation is used, obtaining informed consent can be difficult.

Q2. Describe the characteristics, strengths and limitations of qualitative research design.

(20)

Ans) The following are some of the characteristics that are relevant to quantitative research:

Research Questions

In quantitative research, the researcher frames clearly defined research questions based on the research problem, and the answers to these questions are sought objectively.

Representative Sample

The researcher chooses a sample of a particular population from which to collect data. Because these samples are representative of the population, the results obtained can be applied to the entire population.

Deals with Variables

The researcher manipulates (e.g., increases or decreases) and even controls the extraneous /controlled variables that can affect the research study according to the requirements of quantitative research.

Involves Data Collection

Quantitative research is concerned with numbers, and the researcher collects data using structured or standardised research instruments. Empirical evidence is used to analyse the data. The information is gathered in the form of numbers and statistics, which are frequently presented in tables, charts, figures, and other non-textual formats.

Reliable and Valid

The study can be replicated or repeated and provide similar results because it is done under controlled observation or scientific investigations. The quantitative research has a high level of trustworthiness. Furthermore, because quantitative research employs standard and structured instruments (that are variable-specific), they are equally valid.

Generalisability

The results obtained through the method can be generalised and can also effectively predict results as well as infer causal relationships because the quantitative research design is done in a well-planned manner and are highly reliable and valid.

Strengths of Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative research, it should be noted, provides a framework for the researcher to discover relationships or conduct comparative analysis, as well as attempts to control the environment in order to collect the necessary data. The following are a few examples of quantitative research's strengths:

1. The research design allows for the collection of data from a larger sample, which aids in the conduct of a larger study and the generalisation of results to a larger population.

2. The research design aids the researcher in obtaining results that are reliable, valid, accurate, and objective.

3. The research design allows for the replication and design of similar studies.

4. The research design allows for an experiment to be conducted in a controlled environment, which reduces error variance.

5. Close-ended and structured questions are used in the design, resulting in responses that are free of personal biases.

Limitations of Quantitative Research Design

Because quantitative research is conducted in a controlled environment, it may miss a response that would occur in a natural setting. The following are some of the limitations of quantitative research design:

1. The research design, as previously stated, lacks contextual details and responses in a contextual setting.

2. The study is limited to a statistical approach and thus lacks the foundations of the discovery process.

3. Closed-ended or structured questions may reflect incomplete or limited information.

4. The dataset may be much narrower and sometimes superficial as a result of the results.

5. Because there were no interviews or in-depth perceptions of individuals in this study, it does not provide a complete picture of the real world.

6. In a controlled setting, the research may not produce natural and original responses from individuals.

Q3. Elaborate upon the types of hypotheses and steps of hypothesis testing. (20)

Ans) Any assumptions you want to test are hypotheses. Theoretically, only one type of research hypothesis should exist. Hypotheses can be classified into universal, existential, and conceptual hypotheses based on scientific inquiry conventions and wording used in hypothesis construction.

There are six types of hypotheses.

Hypotesis 0

The null hypothesis is represented by H0. It can be used to see if a difference is significant. According to this hypothesis, there is no true difference between two population means, and any difference found between sample means is due to sampling fluctuation and chance. There is no relationship between the terms, according to the null hypothesis. The following is a common formulation of the null hypothesis: H0:HV

Hypothesis 2

The alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) specifies the values that the researcher believes are correct, and the researcher hopes that sample data will back up this belief. The nature of the relationship is revealed by the alternative hypothesis. HV > LV is an alternative hypothesis. Alternatively, it's possible that people with a good vocabulary outnumber those who don't. The experimental population had a higher mean than the controls in this case. In one direction, the directional hypothesis predicts that high vocabulary children will differ significantly from low vocabulary children.

General Hypotheses

Typically, these are based on theory. They can reveal a researcher's intellectual dedication to a particular outcome. Not only does the researcher predict the existence of a relationship, but also its nature.

General Hypotheses

It's used when there's no theory or when the results of previous studies contradict each other. They could imply a sense of fairness. Don't try to steer the relationship in your favour.

Hypotheses

According to these studies, if one variable changes, the other changes as well. These theories, however, do not explain causality.

Hypothesis

More than two variables are described by a complex hypothesis.

Hypothesis testing includes the following steps:

Step 1: Specify the null and alternative hypotheses.

Step 2: Choose a level of significance. This significance level could be 0.05 or 0.01. In statistics, the term significance denotes that the results are 'likely true' at the specified level of significance. If there is a significant difference in job satisfaction between government and private bank employees, the researcher can be 95 percent confident (0.05 level of significance, P0.05) or 99 percent confident (0.01 level of significance, P0.01) in the results. Because human research can never be completely accurate. By 5% or 1%, the findings could be due to chance or confounding factors. If the statistical value obtained after data analysis is greater or less than the table value specified at the 0.05 or 0.01 level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. If the obtained value is higher than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected; if the obtained value is lower, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Step 3: The null hypothesis parameter is used to calculate the statistic (s). The researcher chooses a sample and gathers information. The population parameters are then estimated using the sample (representative) statistics.

Step 4: Accept the null hypothesis or reject it (es). As discussed in step 2, the researcher computes the P value or probability level and makes a decision based on it.

Assignment Two

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.

8 x 5 = 40

Q4. Different types of variables.

Ans) Common Types of Variables are described below:

1. Independent variable: a variable that is not affected by anything that you, the researcher, does. Usually plotted on the x-axis.

2. Dependent variable: the outcome of an experiment. As you change the independent variable, you watch what happens to the dependent variable.

3. Qualitative variable: a broad category for any variable that can’t be counted (i.e., has no numerical value). Nominal and ordinal variables fall under this umbrella term.

4. Quantitative variable: A broad category that includes any variable that can be counted, or has a numerical value associated with it.

5. Continuous variable: a variable with infinite number of values, like “time” or “weight”.

6. Discrete variable: a variable that can only take on a certain number of values.

Q5. Types of Experimental Research Design.

Ans) The various types of experimental research designs are determined by the researcher's classification of the subjects into various conditions and groups.

Pre-Experimental Research Design:

The pre-experimental research design is the simplest and is conducted on a single group without a control group. Because it is only administered to one group, it is considered cost effective.

True Experimental Research Design

This design is considered the most accurate experimental research design because it uses statistics to analyse proposed hypotheses. To establish a cause-effect relationship within a group, experimental research design is used.

Quasi-Experimental Research Design

The quasi-experimental research design is not considered a true experimental research design. The research design is similar to an experimental research design but not exactly. There is no random distribution of participants, but there are independent variables that can be manipulated in the research design. A true experimental research design uses probability samples, whereas a quasi-experimental design does not.

Q6. Characteristics and importance of research problem

Ans) Characteristics of a good research problem is:

1. The problem can be stated clearly and concisely.

2. The problem generates research questions.

3. It is grounded in theory.

4. It relates to one or more academic fields of study.

5. It has a base in the research literature.

6. It has potential significance/importance.

Importance of Research Problem

The research problem also assists you in avoiding unnecessary research steps.

1. A research problem can help you better understand the research process.

2. Formulating a scientific research problem necessitates considerable thought on the part of the researcher.

   
   

3. The purpose of the research problem is to determine the research's objective and intention; without an aim or objective, the research methodology cannot be determined.

4. Because the research process generates more questions, the research problem should be very clear.

Q7. Laboratory experiment and field experiment.

Ans) Field research is research done in the field or in nature. Field research subjects may or may not be aware they are being studied. Controlled laboratory research, on the other hand, is conducted in a research-specific environment.

A lab experiment is conducted in a controlled environment, allowing for precise and objective measurements. The researchers decide where, when, who, and how the experiment will be conducted. Field experiments, on the other hand, are conducted in the participants' natural environment, but the situations are still artificially set up.

While lab research allows psychologists to control all variables, it lacks validity because it is unlikely to reflect real-life situations. Rather, field research allows psychologists to collect data from everyday life.

Q8. Ethical guidelines in qualitative research.

Ans) In a qualitative study, there are certain ethical guidelines that must be followed. The researcher should respect the respondents and their responses. The researcher must treat the community he or she is studying with respect and a sense of belonging. The respondents must be made aware of what the researcher is looking at. The confidentiality of the researcher must be ensured and maintained by the researcher. While conducting the research, the researcher should be aware of the expected risks and benefits, as well as the psychological and social aspects.

Although it is difficult to predict ethical dilemmas that may arise from an interview, the researcher must be aware of sensitive issues and potential conflicts of interest. In most cases, an interview is associated with confidentiality, informed consent, and privacy, as well as the recurrence of "old wounds" and the disclosure of secrets. Anonymity, confidentiality, and informed consent are all important considerations.

NOTE: All questions are compulsory.

Assignment One

Answer the following questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

3 x 20 = 60

Q1. Discuss the steps involved in psychological research. Explain the ethical issues related to psychological research. (10+ 10)

Ans) A research process includes the following steps:

Step 1: Develop a research idea:

It starts with a research idea. So, choose a researchable issue or problem. Finding research ideas can be as simple as looking around or talking to experts. It is critical to read existing reviews or studies on the topic of interest. Cite relevant articles, research papers, books, etc. Reviewing the literature helps avoid duplication. Not all issues or problems require further research. Based on the review, more research can be done on the same issue, revealing new facets.

Step 2: Defining the issue and hypotheses:

A problem statement and hypotheses can be developed once the research idea has been identified. Using the previous example, the problem could be stated as “studying caregivers' resilience, mental health, and adjustment”.

Step 3: Choose an appropriate research design:

The problem dictates the research design. The study is structured. The goal of research design is to provide valid, objective, accurate, and cost-effective answers. Research designs help control variance, maximising true variance and minimising error variance.

Step 4: Data Collection:

After deciding on a problem statement, hypothesis, and research design, data collection begins. First, define the population and sample. Our example population is "caregivers of chronically ill patients." This includes sample size and sampling method.

Finalize interview, observation, and psychological test tools. Standardised psychological tests can be used to assess resilience, mental health, and adjustment. Data can be collected once the sample and tools are ready.

Step 5: Data analysis:

Step 4 data will be analysed. Q&A and Q&A are both used in Interviews or observations collected by the researcher will be analysed qualitatively. In this case, the raw score can be statistically analysed.

Step 6: Draw conclusions and generalise:

In other words, data analysis can generalise sample results to the population. In addition, researchers, experts, students, and the general public must be adequately informed.

Before conducting any research, the following significant ethical issues must be considered:

1. A study should be carried out in such a way that it benefits rather than harms participants. As a result, any potential risk to the participants must be identified and eliminated, as well as their consent to participate in the study.

2. All research must safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of participants. The researcher must avoid disclosing the identities of the participants. It's possible that participants want their privacy and don't want others to know they took part in the study. Participants' names can be replaced with codes to protect privacy and confidentiality.

3. The participant is anonymous to the researcher. Participants may object to others knowing they participated in the study, but not to the details of their performance being revealed.

4. In order to give informed consent, participants must be made aware of the research. Berg defines informed consent as "individuals' knowing consent to participate in an activity of their choice, free of any elements of deception or fraud." When deception is used in psychological research, as when naturalistic observation is used, obtaining informed consent can be difficult.

Q2. Describe the characteristics, strengths and limitations of qualitative research design.

(20)

Ans) The following are some of the characteristics that are relevant to quantitative research:

Research Questions

In quantitative research, the researcher frames clearly defined research questions based on the research problem, and the answers to these questions are sought objectively.

Representative Sample

The researcher chooses a sample of a particular population from which to collect data. Because these samples are representative of the population, the results obtained can be applied to the entire population.

Deals with Variables

The researcher manipulates (e.g., increases or decreases) and even controls the extraneous /controlled variables that can affect the research study according to the requirements of quantitative research.

involves Data Collection

Quantitative research is concerned with numbers, and the researcher collects data using structured or standardised research instruments. Empirical evidence is used to analyse the data. The information is gathered in the form of numbers and statistics, which are frequently presented in tables, charts, figures, and other non-textual formats.

Reliable and Valid

The study can be replicated or repeated and provide similar results because it is done under controlled observation or scientific investigations. The quantitative research has a high level of trustworthiness. Furthermore, because quantitative research employs standard and structured instruments (that are variable-specific), they are equally valid.

Generalisability

The results obtained through the method can be generalised and can also effectively predict results as well as infer causal relationships because the quantitative research design is done in a well-planned manner and are highly reliable and valid.

Strengths of Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative research, it should be noted, provides a framework for the researcher to discover relationships or conduct comparative analysis, as well as attempts to control the environment in order to collect the necessary data. The following are a few examples of quantitative research's strengths:

1. The research design allows for the collection of data from a larger sample, which aids in the conduct of a larger study and the generalisation of results to a larger population.

2. The research design aids the researcher in obtaining results that are reliable, valid, accurate, and objective.

3. The research design allows for the replication and design of similar studies.

4. The research design allows for an experiment to be conducted in a controlled environment, which reduces error variance.

5. Close-ended and structured questions are used in the design, resulting in responses that are free of personal biases.

Limitations of Quantitative Research Design

Because quantitative research is conducted in a controlled environment, it may miss a response that would occur in a natural setting. The following are some of the limitations of quantitative research design:

1. The research design, as previously stated, lacks contextual details and responses in a contextual setting.

2. The study is limited to a statistical approach and thus lacks the foundations of the discovery process.

3. Closed-ended or structured questions may reflect incomplete or limited information.

4. The dataset may be much narrower and sometimes superficial as a result of the results.

5. Because there were no interviews or in-depth perceptions of individuals in this study, it does not provide a complete picture of the real world.

6. In a controlled setting, the research may not produce natural and original responses from individuals.

Q3. Elaborate upon the types of hypotheses and steps of hypothesis testing. (20)

Ans) Any assumptions you want to test are hypotheses. Theoretically, only one type of research hypothesis should exist. Hypotheses can be classified into universal, existential, and conceptual hypotheses based on scientific inquiry conventions and wording used in hypothesis construction.

There are six types of hypotheses.

Hypothesis 0

The null hypothesis is represented by H0. It can be used to see if a difference is significant. According to this hypothesis, there is no true difference between two population means, and any difference found between sample means is due to sampling fluctuation and chance. There is no relationship between the terms, according to the null hypothesis. The following is a common formulation of the null hypothesis: H0:HV

Hypothesis 2

The alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) specifies the values that the researcher believes are correct, and the researcher hopes that sample data will back up this belief. The nature of the relationship is revealed by the alternative hypothesis. HV > LV is an alternative hypothesis. Alternatively, it's possible that people with a good vocabulary outnumber those who don't. The experimental population had a higher mean than the controls in this case. In one direction, the directional hypothesis predicts that high vocabulary children will differ significantly from low vocabulary children.

General Hypotheses

Typically, these are based on theory. They can reveal a researcher's intellectual dedication to a particular outcome. Not only does the researcher predict the existence of a relationship, but also its nature.

General Hypotheses

It's used when there's no theory or when the results of previous studies contradict each other. They could imply a sense of fairness. Don't try to steer the relationship in your favour.

Hypotheses

According to these studies, if one variable changes, the other changes as well. These theories, however, do not explain causality.

Hypothesis

More than two variables are described by a complex hypothesis.

Hypothesis testing includes the following steps:

Step 1: Specify the null and alternative hypotheses.

Step 2: Choose a level of significance. This significance level could be 0.05 or 0.01. In statistics, the term significance denotes that the results are 'likely true' at the specified level of significance. If there is a significant difference in job satisfaction between government and private bank employees, the researcher can be 95 percent confident (0.05 level of significance, P0.05) or 99 percent confident (0.01 level of significance, P0.01) in the results. Because human research can never be completely accurate. By 5% or 1%, the findings could be due to chance or confounding factors. If the statistical value obtained after data analysis is greater or less than the table value specified at the 0.05 or 0.01 level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected. If the obtained value is higher than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected; if the obtained value is lower, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Step 3: The null hypothesis parameter is used to calculate the statistic (s). The researcher chooses a sample and gathers information. The population parameters are then estimated using the sample (representative) statistics.

Step 4: Accept the null hypothesis or reject it (es). As discussed in step 2, the researcher computes the P value or probability level and makes a decision based on it.

Assignment Two

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 5 marks.

8 x 5 = 40

Q4. Different types of variables.

Ans) Common Types of Variables are described below:

1. Independent variable: a variable that is not affected by anything that you, the researcher, does. Usually plotted on the x-axis.

2. Dependent variable: the outcome of an experiment. As you change the independent variable, you watch what happens to the dependent variable.

3.   Qualitative variable: a broad category for any variable that can’t be counted (i.e., has no numerical value). Nominal and ordinal variables fall under this umbrella term.

4. Quantitative variable: A broad category that includes any variable that can be counted, or has a numerical value associated with it.

5. Continuous variable: a variable with infinite number of values, like “time” or “weight”.

6. Discrete variable: a variable that can only take on a certain number of values.

Q5. Types of Experimental Research Design.

Ans) The various types of experimental research designs are determined by the researcher's classification of the subjects into various conditions and groups.

Pre-Experimental Research Design

The pre-experimental research design is the simplest and is conducted on a single group without a control group. Because it is only administered to one group, it is considered cost effective.

True Experimental Research Design

This design is considered the most accurate experimental research design because it uses statistics to analyse proposed hypotheses. To establish a cause-effect relationship within a group, experimental research design is used.

Quasi-Experimental Research Design

The quasi-experimental research design is not considered a true experimental research design. The research design is similar to an experimental research design but not exactly. There is no random distribution of participants, but there are independent variables that can be manipulated in the research design. A true experimental research design uses probability samples, whereas a quasi-experimental design does not.

Q6. Characteristics and importance of research problem

Ans) Characteristics of a good research problem is:

1. The problem can be stated clearly and concisely.

2. The problem generates research questions.

3. It is grounded in theory.

4. It relates to one or more academic fields of study.

5. It has a base in the research literature.

6. It has potential significance/importance.

Importance of Research Problem

The research problem also assists you in avoiding unnecessary research steps.

1. A research problem can help you better understand the research process.

2. Formulating a scientific research problem necessitates considerable thought on the part of the researcher.

3. The purpose of the research problem is to determine the research's objective and intention; without an aim or objective, the research methodology cannot be determined.

4. Because the research process generates more questions, the research problem should be very clear.

Q7. Laboratory experiment and field experiment.

Ans) Field research is research done in the field or in nature. Field research subjects may or may not be aware they are being studied. Controlled laboratory research, on the other hand, is conducted in a research-specific environment.

A lab experiment is conducted in a controlled environment, allowing for precise and objective measurements. The researchers decide where, when, who, and how the experiment will be conducted. Field experiments, on the other hand, are conducted in the participants' natural environment, but the situations are still artificially set up.

While lab research allows psychologists to control all variables, it lacks validity because it is unlikely to reflect real-life situations. Rather, field research allows psychologists to collect data from everyday life.

Q8. Ethical guidelines in qualitative research.

Ans) In a qualitative study, there are certain ethical guidelines that must be followed. The researcher should respect the respondents and their responses. The researcher must treat the community he or she is studying with respect and a sense of belonging. The respondents must be made aware of what the researcher is looking at. The confidentiality of the researcher must be ensured and maintained by the researcher. While conducting the research, the researcher should be aware of the expected risks and benefits, as well as the psychological and social aspects.

Although it is difficult to predict ethical dilemmas that may arise from an interview, the researcher must be aware of sensitive issues and potential conflicts of interest. In most cases, an interview is associated with confidentiality, informed consent, and privacy, as well as the recurrence of "old wounds" and the disclosure of secrets. Anonymity, confidentiality, and informed consent are all important considerations.

Q9. Sampling criteria.

Ans) In a sampling analysis, two costs are involved: the cost of collecting the data and the cost of making an incorrect inference from the data. The researcher must be aware of systematic bias and sampling error. The sample size cannot reduce or eliminate systematic bias caused by sampling errors. The causes of these errors can be identified and corrected.

To be eligible for a study, a subject's major characteristics must be determined beforehand. A researcher selects these based on their research problem or goal. To put it another way, we must first determine what we are studying, then the elements or subjects required to solve the problem.

Q10. Observation method.

Ans) A method for observing and describing a subject's behaviour is described as the observation method. It is a method of gathering relevant information and data through observation, as the name implies. It's also known as a participatory study because the researcher must establish a connection with the respondent, which necessitates immersing himself in their environment. After that, he can record and take notes using the observation method.

When you want to avoid making a mistake that could be caused by bias during the evaluation and interpretation process, you should use the observation method. It's a technique for gathering objective data by watching and recording a participant for later analysis.

Q11. Precautions and tips of report writing.

Ans) When writing a report, take the following precautions:

1)      It should be adequate, long enough to cover all aspects while remaining concise.

2)     The reader should be able to stay absorbed in the storey.

3)     Avoid jargon and abstract terms.

4)     The findings must be highlighted because most readers want to learn quickly.

5)     An appropriate layout must meet the research objectives.

6)     Error-free and grammatically sound.

7)     The structure must integrate all individual analyses in a logical manner.

8)     The report should provide a novel solution or add to existing knowledge about the research problem.

9)     A report must discuss policy implications, the topic's future, and the need for more research.

10)  The report's technical data must be appended.

11)   List all sources used in the report.

12)  An index is an important part of a report.

13)  A report should look good.

Ans) In a sampling analysis, two costs are involved: the cost of collecting the data and the cost of making an incorrect inference from the data. The researcher must be aware of systematic bias and sampling error. The sample size cannot reduce or eliminate systematic bias caused by sampling errors. The causes of these errors can be identified and corrected.

To be eligible for a study, a subject's major characteristics must be determined beforehand. A researcher selects these based on their research problem or goal. To put it another way, we must first determine what we are studying, then the elements or subjects required to solve the problem.

Q10. Observation method.

Ans) A method for observing and describing a subject's behaviour is described as the observation method. It is a method of gathering relevant information and data through observation, as the name implies. It's also known as a participatory study because the researcher must establish a connection with the respondent, which necessitates immersing himself in their environment. After that, he can record and take notes using the observation method.

When you want to avoid making a mistake that could be caused by bias during the evaluation and interpretation process, you should use the observation method. It's a technique for gathering objective data by watching and recording a participant for later analysis.

Q11. Precautions and tips of report writing.

Ans) When writing a report, take the following precautions:

1. It should be adequate, long enough to cover all aspects while remaining concise.

2. The reader should be able to stay absorbed in the storey.

3. Avoid jargon and abstract terms.

4. The findings must be highlighted because most readers want to learn quickly.

5. An appropriate layout must meet the research objectives.

6. Error-free and grammatically sound.

7. The structure must integrate all individual analyses in a logical manner.

8. The report should provide a novel solution or add to existing knowledge about the research problem.

9. A report must discuss policy implications, the topic's future, and the need for more research.

10. The report's technical data must be appended.

11. List all sources used in the report.

12. An index is an important part of a report.

13. A report should look good.