Assignment Code: BSW-128

Course Code: ;BSW-128

Assignment Name: Social Policy and Social Development

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Answer any five of the following questions in about 300 words each. 20x5

Q1) Economic development is not same as social development. Why?

Ans) While social development is a broader notion that includes all facets of development, including economic, political, social, and cultural components, economic development is limited to economic growth. Economic growth and development are only two aspects of the concept of development. Non-economic dimensions of development do not inevitably follow as a result of economic expansion.

Economic phenomena are social in nature and have social repercussions, hence they are actually social phenomena. Any growth planning that focuses just on economic interactions while ignoring social dynamics and repercussions is doomed to be inaccurate. Therefore, development must be viewed as a complicated totality. The notion of social development is inclusive of economic growth, but it differs from it in that it emphasises the development of society as a whole, including its economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions, according to Al Gore.

The phrase "it means all aspects of growth that are of collective nature, that is, belonging to society as a whole," is used in its fullest definition. In a more restricted sense, it would be employed in relation to the components of development that affect human wellbeing, i.e., raising physical well-being and promoting more fair distribution of tangible and intangible assets.

Social development may be utilised in conjunction with societal structural change aimed at altering levels of mobility and stratification. Economic development defined as an increase in production that results in a high rate of growth as measured by GNP is crucial for achieving these objectives because it creates a significant rise in employment possibilities. Rural development is a significant and essential component of social development in India.

Decentralization of authority and decision-making is necessary for social development in order to facilitate grassroots planning. This refers to people actively participating in decisions about politics and the economy that affect their welfare. To increase the effectiveness of social development programmes, there should be a combination of central leadership, coordination, and resource contribution with decentralised decision-making and local resource mobilisation.

Q2) Discuss constitutional basis of planning in India.

Ans) Towards the end of 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru, India's planning pioneer, established the national planning committee. As far as it affected the lives of the vast majority living in India's countryside, he saw planning as a method to build the nation while avoiding the unneeded hardships of an industrial transition. In addition, he understood that planning was a useful tool for resolving inconsistencies and imbalances in a big, diverse nation like India.

Components of Planning

Spatial Component: A spatial plan must take into account the region's physical resources, land usage, and all human settlements, from the smallest outpost to the largest city. The spatial component would be such that it would serve as a location plan for the development programmes, assure distributive justice, and promote continuity and integration between rural and urban areas.

Economic Component: Since increasing employment and income has historically been a primary goal of development planning, economic planning has traditionally been the case of core planning.

Understanding the following conditions in the district is crucial for economic planning:

1. Resources

2. Demographic features

3. Agro economic features

4. Socio-economic features

5. Infrastructural factors Sectoral profiles

Social Component: A plan's other objectives include lowering social disparities, offering social services, and ensuring public engagement. Since planning is a tool for social transformation and a way to close the gap between government and the populace, public participation is both a crucial instrument and a development goal for any plan.

Administrative Component: The political and administrative structure of the planning apparatus ultimately determines whether social planning is successful or unsuccessful. In India, there were several committees and workshops where administrative procedures for development were addressed.

In its report from 1984, the working group on district planning took into account the following administrative factors to ensure that the planning process ran smoothly:

1. Establishing systems for organising and carrying out the plan.

2. Introducing new methods for releasing money as well as methods for transferring money across and within sectors.

3. Establishing processes for scheme evaluation and monitoring.

Q3) List the indigenous system of medicine in India.

Ans) India has the unique distinction of having six recognized systems of medicine in this category. They are-Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Yoga, Naturopathy and Homoeopathy. Though Homoeopathy came to India in 18th Century, it completely assimilated in to the Indian culture and got enriched like any other traditional system hence it is considered as part of Indian Systems of Medicine.

Ayurveda

Most of the traditional systems of India including Ayurveda have their roots in folk medicine. However, what distinguishes Ayurveda from other systems is that it has a well-defined conceptual framework that is consistent throughout the ages. In conceptual base, it was perhaps highly evolved and far ahead of its time.

Siddha System of Medicine

Siddha system of medicine is practiced in some parts of South India especially in the state of Tamilnadu. It has close affinity to Ayurveda, yet it maintains a distinctive identity of its own. This system has come to be closely identified with Tamil civilization. The term ‘Siddha’ has come from ‘Siddhi’- which means achievement. Siddhars were the men who achieved supreme knowledge in the field of medicine, yoga or tapa.

It is a well-known fact that before the advent of the Aryans in India a well-developed civilization flourished in South India especially on the banks of rivers Cauvery, Vaigai, Tamiraparani etc. The system of medicine in vogue in this civilization seems to be the precursor of the present-day Siddha system of medicine. During the passage of time, it interacted with the other streams of medicines complementing and enriching them and in turn getting enriched.

Unani System of Medicine

The Arabs were instrumental in introducing Unani medicine in India around 1350 AD. The first known Hakim  was Zia Mohd Masood Rasheed Zangi. Some of the renowned physicians who were instrumental in development of the system are- Akbar Mohd Akbar Arzani  the author of the books Qarabadin Qadri and Tibbe Akbar; Hakim M. Shareef Khan a renowned physician well-known for his book Ilaj ul Amraz. Hakim Ajmal Khan a great name among the 20th Century Unani physicians in India.

Q4) How does HIV/AIDS spread in a population and recount some of the common myths on HIV/AIDS infection?

Ans) AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus's advanced stage of infection (HIV). After HIV infection, AIDS can take seven to ten years to manifest. HIV can be passed from mother to baby before, during, or through breast milk, as well as through contaminated blood and blood products, semen and vaginal secretions, infected blood, and blood products.

Causes of AIDS

1. Contaminated saliva, blood, and sex fluids.

2. Contaminated needles

3. Several partners

4. Pregnant woman who was infected with her child.

HIV can be transmitted between individuals since it is found in saliva, blood, and sex fluids. You will get an infection if sexual fluid or infected blood enters your bloodstream. An HIV-positive person's body could become infected if they engage in sexual activity without using a condom. It may be so minor that you are unaware of it. The danger of infection is the same for other sexual behaviours. The danger of infection increases if there is any blood contact during intercourse.

HIV cannot be spread by using the same drinking or eating utensils as an infected person, Using the same bathroom, or shaking hands, Hugging, or kissing on the face providing blood working with HIV-positive individuals, Rub and massage each other's bodies, swimming in pools used by AIDS/HIV patients. HIV is not shared by air, public telephones, restaurants, public transportation, coughing, or sneezing adjacent to an infected person. However, be sure to cover any cuts or sores on your hands with plasters.

HIV/AIDS could be prevented by:

1. Utilising condoms

2. Using single-use syringes.

3. By staying away from several sexual partners.

4. Blood screening before transfusion.

5. Prevention of transfer from parent to child.

Q5) What are the essential ingredients of primary health care services?

Ans) The goal of health care services is to raise the general public's level of health. The extent of health services varies greatly from nation to nation. There is now widespread consensus that health services should be comprehensive, acceptable, and easily accessible. They also need to allow for community engagement and be affordable for both the community and the nation. These are the key components of primary healthcare, which is the major role and agent for delivering healthcare in the nation. Primary healthcare is a crucial component of the country's health system.

Health Care System

The goal of the healthcare system is to provide healthcare services. It belongs to the management industry and deals with organisational issues.

In India, it is represented by five significant organisations that vary from one another in terms of the health technologies used and the funding sources for their operations which are:

1) Public Health Sector

a) Primary health care

Primary health centres

Sub-centres

b) Hospitals/health centre

Rural hospitals

District hospital/health centre

Specialist hospitals Teaching hospitals

c) Health Insurance Schemes

Employees State Insurance

Central Govt. Health Scheme

d) Other Agencies

Defence Services

Railways

2)  Private Sector

a) Private hospitals, polyclinics, nursing homes and dispensaries

b) General practitioners and clinics

3) Indigenous System of Medicine

a) Ayurveda and siddha

b) Unani and Tibbi

c) Homoeopathy

d) Unregistered Practitioners

4) Voluntary Health Agencies

5) National Health Programmes