Assignment Code: MEV-005/TMA-01/2022-23

Course Code: MEV-005

Assignment Name: Occupational Health and Safety

Year: 2022-2023

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Maximum Mark 100

Attempt Any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. 5x20=100

1. Define health indicator. Classify and describe health indicators. List six qualities of a good indicator of health. Enumerate uses of health indicator.

Ans) Researchers use the characteristics of a population that can be measured as health indicators to describe the health of a population. Usually, researchers will use a survey method to gather information about a sample of a population, then use statistics to try to generalise the information collected to the whole population, and then use the statistical analysis to make a statement about the health of the population. Health indicators are often used by governments to make decisions about health care and set goals for improving the health of the population.

Quality

1. Valid: The indicator actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

2. Reliable: It gives same result when measured by different people in similar circumstances.

3. Sensitive: It is able to detect changes in the given situation.

4. Specific: It should reflect changes only in the situation concerned.

5. Feasible: It should have the ability to provide information when needed.

6. Relevant: It should be related to the concerned situation and contribute to the understanding of the situation or phenomenon of interest.

Use of Health Indicators

1. The health indicators are useful for

2. Measurement, description, and comparison of the health of the community.

3. Identification of health needs and based on that planning of health programs and interventions.

4. Allocation of health resources.

5. Measurement of performance of health interventions

Classification of Indicators

There are different kinds of signs of health. Some of the indicators are used to show the number of deaths, others show the number of diseases, and still others show how many health services are available and how often they are used. In general, health indicators can be put into the following groups:

1. Mortality Indicators

2. Morbidity Indicators

3. Disability Rates

4. Nutritional Indicators

5. Health Care Delivery Indicators

6. Utilization Rates

7. Indicators of Social and Mental Health

8. Environmental Indicators

9. Socio-economic Indicators

10. Health Policy Indicators

11. Indicators of Quality of Life

2. Define occupational hazards. Discuss physical hazards and its impact on health.

Ans) Occupational hazards are the risks that come with doing certain jobs. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lists physical safety hazards, chemical safety hazards, biological safety hazards, physical safety hazards, and ergonomic risk factors. Anything that could hurt someone in a workplace accident is a physical safety hazard. This could include the possibility of slipping, the use of machinery, electrical hazards, or anything else that could be dangerous at work. OSHA says that the last four hazards are health hazards.

They are different from physical safety hazards because they describe the risk of getting hurt after being exposed to a harmful condition or substance over time, not just after one accident. Chemical hazards include things like solvents, glues, paints, toxic dusts, and acids or fumes that could be dangerous. Infectious diseases, moulds, toxic or poisonous plants or animal parts are all examples of biological hazards. Some physical dangers are too much noise, too high or too low temperatures, or radiation. Ergonomic risk factors include doing the same thing over and over again, like lifting heavy things or using tools with a lot of vibration.

A physical hazard is something that can hurt you if you come into contact with it. They can be put into two groups: hazards in the workplace and hazards in the environment. There are many different kinds of physical dangers. Some of them are radiation, heat and cold stress, vibration, and noise. Physical risks are often reduced with the help of engineering controls. In many industries, injuries often happen because of physical risks. Some industries, like construction and mining, may not be able to avoid them, but over time, people have come up with safety methods and procedures to deal with the risks of physical danger at work. There may be special problems when children are hired.

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 say that an engineering shop that makes and welds parts must follow these rules. Employers have to give workers "all equipment that is meant to be worn or held by them at work and protects them from one or more risks to their health and safety." In a fabrication and welding shop, the employer would have to give the worker face and eye protection, safety shoes, overalls, and any other PPE that was needed.

We come up with ways to measure exposure and use them in epidemiological studies to look at how physical hazards affect health. We look at a wide range of health outcomes that are important in this situation, like carcinogenicity, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and quality of life as it relates to health. We also do systematic reviews and health impact assessments on a regular basis. In addition to physical dangers, we talk about the effects of passive smoking and air pollution on the heart and lungs.

 3. Define accidents. Enumerate the types of accidents and discuss the cause

Ans) An accident is any unintentional or unplanned event that could hurt or kill someone. Industrial jobs are getting more and more complicated as machines, electricity, chemicals, and technology get better and better. Because of this, accidents and injuries have become a bigger threat to human life in industries. In fact, the same shows how important and important it is to have safety in the workplace.

Types of Accidents

Accidents can be different depending on how bad the injury is, how long it lasts, and how bad it is. A "major accident" is one in which an employee dies or becomes permanently or long-term disabled. A "minor" accident is a cut that doesn't leave the worker unable to work. When a worker gets hurt and you can see signs of it on the outside, this is called an "external injury." An internal injury is one that can't be seen on the outside, like a broken bone. It is a temporary accident when an employee gets hurt and can't work for a short time, like a day or a week. On the other hand, making an employee who was hurt permanently unable to work is called a "permanent accident." An accident can cause a partial or full disability, and it can be fatal or not.

Accidents at Work: You might have had an accident while you were at work. This could include accidents caused by broken machinery or equipment, a lack of training or supervision, a lack of safety equipment, or a place that isn't safe. Employers must provide a safe place to work, and if they don't, they are responsible for paying any employee who gets hurt on the job.

Road Traffic Accidents: Whether you were a driver, a passenger, a pedestrian, or a cyclist, you may have been hurt in a car accident. Aegis Legal will help you get paid for your injuries and get back any money you've lost as a result of the accident, such as money for car repairs, lost wages, etc. We can also help you find a replacement rental car and get medical care.

Accidents Abroad: You might have hurt yourself while on vacation or in another country. You might have hurt yourself while on a cruise or a plane. You might have fallen in a hotel, restaurant, or other public place. Aegis Legal can help you get compensation because we have Solicitors who are experts in accidents that happen abroad.

Accidents involving Animals: If you were hurt because of an animal accident, like falling off a horse or getting bitten by a dog, our expert Solicitors can help you file a claim for compensation.

Sports Related Injuries: Solicitors at Aegis Legal are experts in sports injuries, whether you are a professional or amateur athlete, or your child was hurt during PE at school.

Causes of Accidents

Unsafe Conditions (work-related): Most accidents happen because of unsafe work conditions. These are plants, tools, equipment, machines, and materials used by detectives. These kinds of causes are called "technical causes." These accidents happen when equipment isn't properly guarded, when equipment is broken, when the layout and location of the plant are wrong, when lighting and ventilation aren't good enough, when storage is unsafe, when there aren't enough safety devices, etc.

Unsafe Acts: Certain things that workers do can lead to accidents at work. The worker may do these things because he or she doesn't know enough or doesn't have the right skills, or because he or she has a bad body or the wrong attitude.

Other Causes: These things happen because of unsafe situations and changes in the weather. Some of these are too much noise, high temperatures, high humidity, bad working conditions, an unhealthy environment, slippery floors, too much glare, dust, and fumes, and bossy supervisors who act like they know everything.

4. Explain the sign and symptoms and first aid management of (a) stock (b) burns (c) dog bite.

Ans) FA, or first aid, saves lives. FA's job is to save lives, stop injuries from getting worse, and help people get better. It can be given by anyone, anywhere, and at any time, as long as they have the right tools, to an injured or sick person in need or in an emergency before an ambulance, qualified medical staff, or a medical care facility arrives. First Aider is the name for FA Provider.

Burn

Burns are damage to the skin and underlying tissue by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

What to do: -Burns: - Remember 4C

1. Cool Clean Cover Consult

2. Calm and reassure the victim.

3. Remove rings, bracelets, watches, or any other constricting bands before the swelling worsens.

4. Clean the area gently with plenty of running water.

5. Loosely cover the burnt part to prevent infection using a clean cloth or dressing.

6. If there is a chemical burn, flush the affected area with clean water until advanced help arrives.

7. If the victim is not breathing, do CPR.

Do NOT

1. Do NOT put ice on burns.

2. Do NOT break blisters.

3. Do NOT cover with a towel.

Dog bite

What to do

1. Make sure the area is safe!

2. Wash your hands if possible

3. Use gloves/ CLEAN PALSTIC BAG if available. Flush the bite wound immediately with clean water. Wash the wound with water and soap if available

4. In case of bleeding, stop the bleeding by putting direct pressure

5. Cover the wound with a clean cotton cloth

A stroke is defined as reduced or no blood supply to a part of the brain. Usually affects elderly people with the history of hypertension and diabetes. It may also occurs after any head injury.

Signs and Symptoms: Remember F.A.S.T

1. Facial droop to one side

2. Arm & leg weakness/numbness on one side of the body

3. Slurred speech

4. Time to call Ambulance if you see any of these signs.

What to do

1. Note the time that the victim was normal and communicate this to AMBULANCE.

2. Stay with the patient and reassure him/her.

3. If the victim becomes unconscious but is still breathing, put him/her in the recovery position.

4. If the victim becomes stops breathing, do CPR.

Do NOT

1. Do NOT delay calling AMBULANCE.

2. Do NOT give the victim any food, water, or tablets (including aspirin) by mouth

3. Do NOT permit the victim to move

4. Do NOT continue to drive if you think you are experiencing a stroke

5. Define Ergonomics. List the common rule of Ergonomics. Describe the work related to upper limb disorder.

Ans) According to the International Ergonomics Association, "Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific field that studies how people and other parts of a system interact in order to improve people's health and the overall performance of the system." In ergonomics, there are three important fields. There are three types of ergonomics: physical, organisational, and cognitive. Physical ergonomics is the study of how the anatomy, anthropometry, physiology, and biomechanics of people affect how they move and work. Physical ergonomics covers topics like working postures, moving materials, making the same movements over and over, work-related musculoskeletal disorders, the layout of the workplace, safety, and health. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) or Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), which you've already read about, are part of the Physical ergonomics domain. MSDs or CTDs are one of the most common types of work-related health problems that are affecting more and more people around the world. MSD or CTD is said to be a common health problem among office and factory workers today because they stand or sit in awkward or uncomfortable ways for long periods of time. They feel pain in different parts of their bodies, like the upper extremities, lower extremities, and backs, because of these disorders.

Rule of Ergonomic

Movement Is Needed for Wellbeing

Being still for a long time can make you sick. To stay healthy, your body needs to move, exercise, and stretch. The best thing to do all day would be to switch between sitting and standing.

Maintain the S-curve

When sitting or standing, it's important for the back to keep the S-shaped curve of the spine. A good lumbar support is expected to help keep the right curve in the small of your back when you choose an ergonomically designed chair.

Maintain Neutral Position of the Neck

Systems for mounting monitors that are fully adjustable can help keep the neck in a neutral position. When monitors and other equipment are set up correctly, stress goes down, absences go down, and productivity and performance go up.

Maintain Neutral Position of Elbows and Wrists

Whether you're sitting or standing, you should do most of your work at about elbow height, and your hands and forearms should be on the same plane to keep your elbows and wrists in a neutral position.

Work Related Upper Limb Disorder

Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) have also been called Repetitive Strain Injuries or Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Limbs. Most of the time, the conditions are hard to treat and very painful. They are becoming more of a problem at work, and they can also be caused by things like sports or housework, like tennis elbow.

The part of the body from the tips of the fingers to the shoulders and up to the neck is called the "upper limb." It is made up of the skin, the soft tissues, and connective tissues (like tendons and ligaments), the bone structures, and the blood and nerve supply to the limb. WRULDs can happen in jobs that require the fingers, hands, or arms to move over and over again. These could be twisting, pressing, squeezing, pushing, pulling, lifting, or any number of other similar movements. Working with display screen equipment at a computer workstation should be managed and evaluated to lower the risk of upper limb disorders.